Language and communication lecture 2 Flashcards
Nonverbal communication
Why are facial expressions important? (2 reasons)
- sending capacity of different parts of the body - face is the fastest at changes for emotion and can send emotion to body parts
- Hypothesis that facial expressions of emotion are innate (Darwin, 1872)
What are the 6 basic emotions identified by Darwin (1872)?
- Disgust
- Anger
- Surprise
- Fear
- Sadness
- Happiness
How have facial expressions of the basic emotions developed?
As part of actions necessary for life - e.g. disgust expression relates to expelling matter
What is the anger expression derived from originally?
Preparing to attack
What is the surprise expression derived from originally?
Making a state of readiness to deal with an unexpected event
What is the prime function of smiling and crying and how is this innate?
Communication
Infants need to signal to the caregiver that they want food or attention (smiling can gain attention)
What posture indicates boredom according to Bull (1987)?
Leaning backwards with legs forward
What posture indicates interest according to Bull (1987)?
Leaning forward with legs tucked back
What are expansive and contractive body postures?
- Expansive = outstretched
- Contractive = closed in
What did Vacharkulksemsuk et al. (2016) when they looked at expansive vs contractive body postures in speed dating and on a dating app?
Expansive postures sig. increased likelihood of:
- a “yes” response from the speed-dating partner
- being selected on the dating app
What did Vacharkulksemsuk et al. (2016) find out about nonverbal affiliation (smiles, laughs, nods etc.) in speed dating?
They are not a significant indicator of getting a ‘yes’ - so they things people expect to work aren’t as important as posture
Why might men have a greater benefit of expansive postures on a dating app than women?
Women like to see men displaying dominance
What did Ekman & Friesen (1971) find about the innateness of facial expressions cross culturally?
The main 6 emotions they used were labelled in the same way by members of both literate and non-literate cultures
What did Ekman & Friesen (1986) identify as the 7th universal emotion?
Contempt
What did Eibl-Eibesfeldt (1973) find when studying children born both deaf and blind and their emotional facial expressions?
They produced appropriate facial expressions for the situational context without ever having seen them to learn (innate?)
Why might deaf and blind children not be evidence for innate facial expressions?
They may have learnt which expressions were appropriate through behaviour shaping - people will respond differently to correct or incorrect facial expression usage
What is the facial action coding system?
All facial movements are related to action units (one in unit and one out unit) -> if both of these units are activated, there is a full movement
Specific facial expressions are combinations of action units
What did Oster and Ekman (1977) find when looking into muscle actions in adults and newborns?
All but one of adult ones were visible in the infants - but this doesn’t mean they relate to particular emotions yet
What display rules vary according to culture in the neuro-cultural model? (4)
- Attenuation - weaken the expression
- Amplification - exaggerate the expression
- Concealment - give a neutral expression
- Substitution - show a different emotion
Other than culture, what factors can display rules vary according to? (3)
- Gender
- Status
- Individuals
What are the two types of facial expression?
- Innate/spontaneous
- Learned/posed
When looking into brain damage for voluntary facial movement and spontaneous facial expression, what did Rinn (1991) find?
When each is damaged it has different effects, and the other type of expression is not harmed - therefore 2 different systems
What are micro-expressions?
Very brief expressions – may vary between 1/25th & <0.5 of a second
What are subtle expressions?
Fragments of an expression - e.g. just brow raising for surprise
What does good deception detection correlate with?
Skill at perceiving subtle and micro-expressions
What did Warren et al (2009) find when decoders had to lie detect for encoders of emotional and non-emotional stimuli?
- Overall accuracy rate just 50%
- Emotional lie detection sig. better than chance (64%)
- Non-emotional lie detection sig. worse than chance (34%)
What does emotional lie detection significantly correlate with (Warren et al, 2009)?
- SETT (.46)
- Self-reported use of facial expressions (.52)
