Intelligence lecture 1 Flashcards
Implicit theories
Why are implicit theories of interest (3)
- Important to everyday life
- Give rise to formal theories
- Question formal theories
what are implicit theories?
Individuals develop theories, beliefs and deeply held schema about human attributes (Dweck, 2000; 2006) - unconscious ideas
How can personal theories of intelligence affect everyday life? (7)
education, work, employability, friends, family, perception of others, interaction with others
What are the two types of implicit theories linked to motivation? What do they mean?
Incremental (flexible) - intelligence is able to change
Entity (fixed) - intelligence remains fixed
Costa & Faria (2018) found what in their meta-analysis comparing implicit theories and academic performance?
- A low but significant association, particularly in verbal and quantitative skill-based subjects (eng, maths, sci)
- Malleable views of intelligence = better grades overall
- Fixed views of intelligence = positive association in some subjects but not as much
What do the results of Costa and Faria’s (2018) study suggest about how people with fixed and malleable views of intelligence do in education?
- fixed = lower motivation and attainment
- malleable = higher motivation and attainment
What did Heslin et al. (2005) find about recognition of improved performance after poor performance in the workplace?
malleable view = more recognition of improved performance than fixed
What did Heslin et al. (2005) find about recognition of declining performance after good performance in the workplace?
malleable = more recognition of declining performance than fixed
What did Heslin et al. (2005) find about the effect of irrelevant poor performance information on performance ratings?
The irrelevant poor performance was more likely to impact the performance rating of those with a fixed view.
What was the effect of training a manager to hold a different implicit belief on their appraisal ratings?
Exposing those with a fixed view to malleable views could modify their view to a more malleable one and those that adopted this view were more open to acknowledging changes in employee performance.
What were that categories that Sternberg, Conway, Ketron & Bernstein, 1981 made participants list behaviours of? (4)
Intelligence
Academic intelligence
Everyday intelligence
Unintelligent
What are the 3 dimensions of intelligence found by Sternberg et al. (1981)? What do they mean?
Practical problem solving - Effectively deal with problems we face in everyday life
Verbal ability - Express yourself effectively and with some eloquence
Social competence - Be accepted and fulfilled socially
What are the 6 dimensions of intelligence found by Sternberg in 1985?
Practical problem solving
Verbal ability
Intellectual balance and integration
Goal orientation and attainment
Contextual intelligence
Fluid thought
What are traditional Western views of intelligence based on? (2)
Aristotle and Plato
Greco-Judeo-Christian heritage
What are traditional Eastern views of intelligence based on? (3)
Taoist
Confucian
Buddhist
What are the 3 souls of the natural world as identified by Aristotle and Plato?
vegetative soul (linked to plants)
sensitive soul (linked to animals capable of movement)
intellectual soul (linked to humans)
What are the two forms of reason identified by Aristotle and Plato? What do they mean?
Discursive reasoning - slow, explicit logical steps
Intuitive reasoning - quick, no deductive process
What mental properties do Aristotle and Plato assign to the sensitive soul, unlike intelligence? (3)
memory
sensory perception
imagination
How do western cultures view intelligence? (5 triats)
Speed/depth of mental processing
Verbal Abilities
Emphasis on learning
Good memory
Good cognitive skills
What is the main emphasis of Eastern views on philosophy?
relating to others
What are the 5 aspects of intelligence found by Yang and Sternberg (1997) when researching Taiwanese Chinese people?
General cognitive factor intelligence
Interpersonal intelligence (relations)
Intrapersonal intelligence (self-awareness)
Intellectual self-assertion (confidence/awareness)
Intellectual self-effacement (modesty)
What do Eastern views on intelligence focus on? (3)
High level thinking
Judgement
Decision making
What do Malay psychology student view intelligence as? (4) What characteristics do they emphasise over Australians?
Adaptability
Speed
Creativity of problem solving
Prize both social and cognitive characteristics
Emphasise social characteristics
What do Australian psychology students view intelligence as? (2)
Academic acumen
Adaptability to new situations
What are the intelligence characteristics that Fang and Keats found to be similar in Chinese and Australian adults? (4)
Willingness to think
Willingness to observe
Wide range of interest
Independent Thinking
What are the intelligence characteristics that Fang and Keats found in Chinese but not Australian adults? (4)
Ability to learn
Analytical ability
Sharp thinking
Displaying confidence
What are the intelligence characteristics that Fang and Keats found in Australian but not Chinese adults? (2)
Logical Reasoning
Problem-Solving
Looking deeper into Costa and Faria’s (2018) study on malleable and fixed impacts on grades - what are the geographical differences? (Eastern, European, North American)
Eastern continents have a positive association between flexible ideas and attainment.
Europeans have a positive association between fixed beliefs and attainment.
North Americans have a negative association between fixed beliefs and attainment.
What are the 5 aspects of intelligence identified by Lim, Plucker and Im (2002) when looking at Korean adults? Which factor do they value the most?
Social competence
Problem-solving abilities
Coping with novelty
Self-management
Practical competence
Value social competence
What factors other than culture could influence opinions on intelligence? (3)
Education
Individual experience
Age
etc.
What were Galton’s (~1865) general views on intelligence?
First to suggest human beings differ on intelligence
Intelligence is measurable and based on biological factors
The ability to reason and respond to a large range of experiences through the senses
What is the difference between positive and negative eugenics?
Positive encourages reproduction of the good traits, negative discourages reproduction of the bad traits
What did Binet (~1904) develop? (2) Why?
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence
The concept of mental age and norms to compare to
To use as an educational tool
What logical error did Binet want to avoid?
If something has a name, it must be an entity or a being that has an independent existence of its own - intelligence is just too complicated to be summed up in one number
What are Binet’s 3 cardinal principles?
- Test scores are for practical purposes, they do not link to a theory and do not define anything innate or permanent. Cannot explicitly link the score to intelligence.
- The scale is a rough, empirical guide for identifying children who need support. It cannot be used for ranking all children.
- Low scores are an indication that support is needed not that a child is innately incapable
What did Terman (~1910s) create and what/who was it based on? What was introduced?
The Stanford-Binet scale
Built on Goddard’s work to bring the Binet scale to the US then established new items and norms
Standardisation
How is IQ calculated using the Stanford-Binet scale?
IQ = (mental age/chronological age)*100
In which ways do Goddard and Terman ignore Binet’s cardinal principles? (2)
Viewed intelligence as a single, innate entity captured by the scale
Wanted to use it to categorise all of American society and use it as part of the immigration process
What did the Journal of Educational Psychology do in 1921? What was the outcome?
Brought together experts to collate ideas on what intelligence is
!4 different opinions - no consensus
What did Yerkes (~1917) do?
Adapted the Stanford-Binet scale to support the war effort (WW1) - used for recruitment
Made it group testing, not 1:1
Developed army alpha and army beta
In which countries did eugenics inform social policy in the early 1900s? (4)
USA, Canada, Australia, Scandanavia etc.
Which groups did Terman (1925) believe were low in intelligence using his measure? (3)
African-American
Mexican
Spanish-Indian
What did Sternberg & Detterman (1986) find when replicating the earlier attempt to get an expert consensus? (1,6)
No one definition was offered
-Adaptability
-Abstract thinking
-Adjustment to environment
-Knowledge capacity
-Independence
-Originality
