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Social, personality and abnormal year 2 > Intelligence lecture 4 > Flashcards

Intelligence lecture 4 Flashcards

Sex differences

1
Q

What did scientists originally believe caused sex differences in intelligence?

A

Men were superior in mental abilities because women’s brains were smaller

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2
Q

What did Terman (1916) find about sex differences in intelligence using the Standford-Binet test?

A

Girls had slightly higher scores

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3
Q

What did Spearman argue about sex differences in intelligence?

A

There are no differences

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4
Q

How does gender relate to Fluid & Crystallised Intelligence as found by Cattell?

A

Studies show no difference between scores these for both genders

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5
Q

What did Court (1983) use to measure sex differences in intelligence and what did they find?

A

Raven’s matrices
Some small differences here and there but overall no difference concluded

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6
Q

What is a narrative analysis approach?

A
  • Weighs up evidence across a number of studies
  • Assesses whether each study supports the hypothesis or not
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7
Q

What did Lynn & Irwing (2004), Irwing & Lynn (2005) make to be better than a narrative analysis?

A

A meta analysis

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8
Q

What is a meta analysis? Why is this a good thing?

A

Uses results from numerous studies to calculate an average effect size
Means there’s a bigger sample so results are more meaningful

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9
Q

What are the Cohen’s d values for a small, medium and large effect size?

A

0.2
0.5
0.8

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10
Q

What did Lynn and Irwing find in their meta analysis comparing effect sizes for intelligence between males and females?

A
  • <15 years, no difference (d = 0.02)
  • 15-19 years: males scored 2 points higher (d = 0.16)
  • Undergrads: males scoring 3-5 points higher (d = 0.22-0.33)
  • Adults: men score 5 pts higher (d= 0.3)
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11
Q

What did Dykiert et al. (2008) and also Hunt & Madhyastha (2008) find that could explain sex differences in intelligence tests, rather than real differences?

A

Unrepresentative samples

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12
Q

What do Hyde (2005), Colom et al. (2000) and Spinath et al. (2008) all agree on?

A

They found no sex differences in intelligence - males and females are more similar than different

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13
Q

Which gender performs better on spatial abilities and which on verbal abilities according to Maccoby and Jacklin (1974)?

A

men = spatial
women = verbal

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14
Q

After further meta analysis research into spatial and verbal abilities of males and females, what is the general finding?

A

There are small to large effect sizes for spatial ability but only very small effect sizes for verbal ability (some larger in adolescence but small when combined - effectively doesn’t exist, especially in adulthood)

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15
Q

What did Benbow & Stanley (1983) find when looking into sex differences in 12-14 year olds taking the SATs early? In terms of verbal and maths scores

A

No differences in the verbal section
Boys did better in the maths section
- Twice as many boys than girls with maths scores higher than 500 (out of 800; 2:1)
- Four times as many boys with scores of at least 600 (4:1)
- Thirteen times as many boys with scores of at least 700 (13:1).

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16
Q

What did Blackburn (2004) find about the 13:1 ratio of high achievers in school?

A

It has reduced to around 3:1

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17
Q

What did Wai et al (2010) find about the closing of the 13:1 gap to around 3:1?

A

It has remained at 3:1/4:1 since the early 1990s

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18
Q

How much bigger are men’s brains than women’s on average?

A

10%

19
Q

When can the brain size difference be seen?

A

adolescence onwards

20
Q

Which brain regions did Allen et al (1991) and Steinsetz et al (1995) find that females have bigger?

A
  • splenium
  • corpus callosum
21
Q

What does a bigger splenium/corpus callosum mean?

A

Tasks are more evenly distributed between the hemispheres

22
Q

What is the difference between grey and white matter?

A
  • grey processes information
  • white transports information
23
Q

What did Haier et al., (2005) find when using MRI to find areas of the brain relating to intelligence, in terms of grey and white matter?

A

IQ among females were related to more white matter areas and fewer grey matter areas than males

24
Q

What ability has testosterone been related to?

A

Higher performance in spatial ability tasks

25
Q

What did Choi & Silverman (1996) find about how males and females provide directions?

A
  • Females gave relative directions and landmarks
  • Males gave distance and cardinal directions (compass directions)
  • testosterone relates to distance and cardinal directions - affects spatial task ability
26
Q

What did Barry et al. (2013) find when looking into females with polycystic ovary syndrome (elevated levels of testosterone) on 3D mental rotation tasks?

A

PCOS participants scored significantly higher than controls

27
Q

What do people think men needed spatial abilities for due to evolution? (3)

A
  • Hunting over large areas
  • engaging in warfare with others
  • maximising reproductive success
28
Q

Why would women not need spatial abilities as much evolutionarily? (2)

A
  • They gathered crops over small areas
  • Were spatially restricted due to pregnancy and childcare.
29
Q

What did Hoffman et al. (2012) find when examining 2 genetically related tribes but one was matriarchal and one partiarchal?

A

Women were a lot slower than men in the patriarchal tribe but they were similar to men in the matriarchal tribe, suggesting that women having a more important role in society will make them more intelligent - meaning it is not just genetics

30
Q

What did Feng et al. (2007) find when looking into spatial attention and mental rotation among gamers/non-gamers and males/females? (3)

A
  • Gamers performed better than non-gamers
  • No sex differences in gamers group
  • Among non-gamers, males performed better than females
31
Q

What did Feng et al. (2007) find when training a group on action video games and one on non-action games in terms of spatial ability? (4)

A
  • All those in E group improved in ability
  • Females benefitted more than males
  • In E group no sex differences after training
  • In C group, males performed better both pre and post training
32
Q

Where do preference stereotypes come from? (3)

A
  • Reinforcement of sex appropriate behaviour
  • Modelling - how they should behave
  • socialisation of boys - more freedom
33
Q

What did Seavy, Katz, and Zalk (1975) find when getting adults to play with toys with a toddler they never met before?

A

Chose toys with the stereotypical view of gender

34
Q

What did Sidorowicz & Lunney (1980) find when male and female adults played with girl and boy children with the choice of a doll and a football?

A
  • For a boy child: 50% male & 80% female participants chose football
  • For a girl child: 88.8% male & 72.7% female participants chose doll
35
Q

What did Hyde et. al (1990) find when looking into gender differences in maths, computation, understanding of concepts and complex problem solving?

A
  • no gender differences in mathematics performance (d = -0.05)
  • Slight female advantage in computation (d = -0.14)
  • No difference in understanding of concepts (d = -0.03)
  • No difference in Complex problem solving (d = 0.08) but at high school d = 0.29; and at college d = 0.32
36
Q

What did Moss-Racusin et al (2012) find when giving STEM job applications with either a male or female name on?

A

The male was rated as more competent and hireable, even though the applications were identical

37
Q

What did Spencer et al. (1999) find when they gave males and females a maths test but told some of them that men scored better in the past?

A
  • Females in 2nd condition scored lower than men
  • No difference was found in condition 1
38
Q

What did Inzlicht & Ben-Zeev (2000) find when they had females doing a maths and a verbal test either in the presence of other females or males?

A

Women did better at maths when with other women than with men - there was no difference in verbal ability

39
Q

What does the Global Gender Gap say about gender equality and its impact on mathematical performance?

A

More equality = smaller gaps in maths performance

40
Q

What did Swim (1994) find about the types of stereotypes that exist?

A

Some can reflect reality - accurate stereotypes
Some are biased - under or overemphasised stereotypes

41
Q

What is one way the environment can affect biological influences?

A

Learning experiences impact brain development

42
Q

What is one way biological influences can affect environmental influences?

A

Hormonal factors determine sex/aggression/temperament - Parents may encourage certain activities based on these

43
Q

What did Olsen et al (2013) find when they gave males and females a mental rotation task on either a large or small screen?

A

Females performed faster than men in the large screen condition - suggests that women use a step-like strategy and men use a holistic strategy

Social, personality and abnormal year 2 (16 decks)

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