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Personality disorders Flashcards

1
Q

what makes certain personality traits clinically significant

A

if they interfere with life at work/ home etc. across multiple contexts. some traits can be adaptive in work

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2
Q

what makes up the nurture aspect of personality

A

your character- your acquired values and attitudes

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3
Q

what makes up the nature aspect of personality

A

your innate temperament/ disposition - genetic and constitutional

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4
Q

what are the 3 core features of PDs

A

functional inflexibility
self-defeating
and unstable in response to stress
ALSO: lack of insight into dysfunction of personality

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5
Q

before receiving a specific PD diagnosis, what must occur?

A

people must meet criteria for a general PD first

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6
Q

what do people with PDs distress about

A

the consequences of their behaviour

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7
Q

PD diagnosis in DSM-5?

A

PD= an enduring pattern of inner experience and behaviour that:
deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual’s culture,
•is pervasive and inflexible,
•has an onset in adolescence or early adulthood,
•is stable over time, and
•leads to distress or impairment.

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8
Q

whats the criteria for a general PD

A

Significant impairments in self (identity or self-direction) and interpersonal (empathy or intimacy) functioning.
•One or more pathological personality trait domains / facets.
across contexts etc/ not cultural

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9
Q

when does general PD need to start

A

young adulthood because personality is developing before that

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10
Q

what did PDs in DSM-4 look like

A

you had 2 axes
axis 1 = episodic/ major clinical disorders
axis 2 = PDs

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11
Q

characters of each cluster

A

A: odd-eccentric
B: dramatic - emotional
C: anxious- fearful

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12
Q

do people tend to present within distinct categories

A

no 60% don’t. There is blurring across them. Clustering is there to recognise they have similar traits.

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13
Q

is the dimensional approach recognized in DSM 5

A

in proposed disorders appendix for consideration

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14
Q

whats the difference between paranoid pd and schizophrenia

A

dont necessarily need to have delusions in PPD. different to here where it is basically across all situations - not contained to a specific person

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15
Q

difference between the two DSM 4 axes?

A

axis 1 was more acute symptoms that required treatment while axis 2 was more enduring and pervasive and involved self and identity

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16
Q

paranoid PD A

A

consistent & pervasive pattern of distrust, suspiciousness and prolonged grudges

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17
Q

schizoid PD A

A

Detachment and disinterest

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18
Q

schizotypal PD A

A

Marked interpersonal deficits, behavioural eccentricities and distortions in perception & thinking

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19
Q

avoidant PD C

A

Pervasive social inhibition, discomfort in social situations, feelings of inadequacy, l

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20
Q

dependent PD C

A

Exaggerated fear of being incapable of doing things or taking care of things on their own –reliance on others, lack self confidence, abusive relationships

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21
Q

obsessive compulsive PD C

A

rigidity, need for control, neatness, overly attended to detail

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22
Q

what does it mean that PDs are not episodic

A

traceable over many contexts, pervasive across many social situations

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23
Q

why dont schizotypals warrant a psychotic disorder diagnosis

A

psychotic symptoms tend to be more transient in nature

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24
Q

antisocial PD B

A

aggressive acts, lack of remorse, impulsive and irritable

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25
Borderline PD B
oscillate between emotions, relational instability, self harm, emptiness and dissociation during stress
26
narcissistic PD B
inflated self worth, exploits others, lack of empathy, jealous
27
histrionic PD B
excessive attention seeking, seductiveness, emotional, influenced easily
28
is psychopathy listed as a disorder in the DSM 5
no, closest to antisocial PD but less emphasis on behaviour
29
how would someone with antisocial PD score on the psychopathy checklist PCL-R
they would score high in section 2 only: 1. emotional detachment section 2. antisocial behaviour section
30
a challenge to the categorical approach?
high comorbidity between PD and other disorders
31
challenge to dimensional approach?
too many models. complex
32
highest and lowest disability?
- Highest disability = BPD | - Lowest disability = OCPD
33
beck's cognitive model
Each PD is characterised by specific maladaptive core beliefs which influence processing of info to support the beliefs
34
young's schema therapy model
extended schema from just cognition to include emotions, behaviours and bodily sensations
35
are schema always consciously available
no
36
what causes schema perpetuation
selective interpretation | schema coping styles
37
what are the 3 schema coping styles
schema; surrender, avoidance and overcompensation
38
according to Linehan, what causes BPD
its the consequence of dysregulated emotions,( due to dysfunction caused by emotional vulnerability and negative experiences,) and the maladaptive coping strategies aimed at modifying these painful emotions
39
whats the aim of Linehan's Dialectical Behaviour Therapy?
emphasis on helping the person to find a balance between acceptance of self and to change important aspects of their experience
40
aim of cognitive analytic therapy ?
encourage them to identify and reflect on their relational patterns and the ways in which these are enacted with others and towards themselves in a manner that maintains their problems -> patterns are revised and more adaptive ones are learned
41
is CAT a relational model?
yes it argues that internalised early relational experiences shape later relationships with others and themselves
42
what are reciprocal roles in CAT
The internalised dyadic relational patterns of self and others -> from neurobiological factors and early traumatic experiences
43
what is Ryle's multiple self states model
3 features responsible for the range of problems in BPD - dissociation between aspects of self - limited repertoire of harsh, punitive or abusing reciprocal roles - deficient capacity for self reflection
44
what is mentalisation based treatment
Emphasises the role of mentalisation in the development of sense of self and functioning in relationships. uses the therapeutic relationship to stabilise the person's sense of self and to enhance their capacity to know their own mind and that of others.
45
what does mentalisation based treatment say is the cause of BPD
absence of mirroring - > child internalises the carer's marked state. an 'alien self' image is externalised to cope with frightening image of self
46
biological factors for antisocial PD?
``` genetics low serotonin -> impulsivity and aggression high testosterone low physiological arousal abnormal frontal/ PFC ```
47
whats the somatic marker hypothesis of psychopathy
They have no emotional biasing signals that steer them away from the negative options so they continue to make bad choices based on short term consequences Iowa Gambling Task
48
what does the violence inhibition mechanism model say of psychopaths
they lack the mechanism to inhibit aggression due to dysfunction of amygdala in processing distress cues - causes them not to feel or recognize fear
49
biological basis of BPD
genetics serotonin pre-fontal deficits -> failure to control neg emotions heightened activity in limbic system -> disordered emotional behaviour suppressed cortisol responses
50
difference between grandiose and vulnerable narcissism?
``` 1 = entitlement and lack of empathy 2. = external presentation of low self esteem with inner core of inflated self beliefs ```
51
which PD is described as active dependent
histrionic
52
3 cross overs of Cleckley's psychopathy and DSM 5's antisocial PD?
lack of remorse failure to plan ahead untruthfulness
53
is it possible to meet criteria for APD without characteristics of psychopathy
yes
54
psychopathy overlap with NPD?
lack of empathy
55
difference between avoidant PD and SAD?
SAD have insight and know their anxieties are irrational | APD affects their identity
56
difference between OCD and OCPD
OCPD are more persistent and unchanging and obsessions are distressing in OCD
57
whats complex trauma
small trauma e.g. caregiver invalidating the child constantly
58
what does complex trauma do to the child
doesnt learn ability to self soothe - prolonged stress over time
59
how can reinforcement affect BPD
milder emotional displays were dismissed -> extreme gestures responded to with care and concern
60
whats dialectical mean
2 things can seem like opposites but both be true at the same time
61
4 modes of DBT
individual therapy, skills group, skills coaching, consultation team
62
which 2 treatments for BPD have level 1 evidence?
DBT and schema therapy
63
whats the evidence for DBT
evidence it reduces life threatening behaviours (not enough evidence for emotional stability)

Abnormal (19 decks)

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