Personality Disorders Flashcards
Define personality disorder
Deeply ingrained and enduring patterns of behaviour that are abnormal in a particular culture, lead to subjective distress and sometimes cause others distress.
List the characteristics of a personality disorder
A. An enduring pattern of inner experience and behaviour that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individuals culture. This pattern is manifested in two or more of the following areas: Cognition Affectivity Interpersonal Functioning Impulse control
B.The pattern is inflexible and pervasive.
C. It leads to clinically significant distress or impairment in a range of important areas of functioning.
D.The pattern is stable and can be traced back at least to early adulthood.
E.It is not better explained by another diagnosis.
F.It is not attributable to a physiological change.
Cluster A personality Disorders
The prominent problems are with the perceived safety of interpersonal relationships.
Paranoid Personality Disorder
Schizoid Personality Disorder
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
Diagnostic Criteria of Paranoid Personality Disorder
A pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others such that their motives are interpreted as malevolent, beginning by early adulthood. Indicated by four or more of the following:
- Suspects that others are exploiting, harming or deceiving them.
- Is preoccupied with unjustified doubts about the loyalty or untrustiness of friends.
- Reluctant to confide in others due to the fear that information will be used against them
- Reads hidden demeaning or insulting meanings into benign remarks
- Persistently bears grudges
- Percieves attacks on their character or reputation that are not apparent to others and is quick to react angrily.
- Has recurrent suspicions without justification regarding the fidelity of spouse.
THIS CANNOT OCCUR ALONGSIDE ANY PSYCHOTIC ILLNESSES OR PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
Schizoid Personality Disorder Diagnostic Criteria
A pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of expression of emotion and interpersonal settings, beginning in early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by four or more of the following:
- Neither desires nor enjoys close relationships
- Almost always chooses solitary activities
- Has little, if any, interest in having sexual experiences with another person
- Takes pleasure in few acitivies
- Lacks close friends or confidants other that relatives
- Appears indifferent to praise or criticism of others.
- Shows emotional coldness, detachment, or flattened affectivity.
DOES NOT OCCUR EXCLUSIVELY DURING AN EPISODE OF SCHIZOPHRENIA OR AN ILLNESS WITH PSYCHOTIC SYMPTOMS
Schizotypal Personality Disorder Diagnostic Criteria
A pervasive pattern of social and interpersonal deficits marked by acute discomfort with and reduced capacity for close relationships as well as by cognitive or percpetual distortions and eccentricities of behaviour. Five or more of the following:
1. Ideas of reference
2. Odd beliefs or magical thinking
3. Unusual perceptual experiences, including bodily illusions
4. Odd thinking and speech
5.Suspicious or paranoid ideation
6. Inappropriate or constricted affect
Behaviour or appearance that is odd, eccentric or peculiar
8. Lack of close friends
9. Excessive social anxiety that does not diminish with familiarity and tends to be associated with paranoid fears rather than negative judgements about self
DOES NOT OCCUR EXCLUSIVELY DURING THE COURSE OF SCHIZOPHRENIA, A BIPOLAR DISORDER OR A DEPRESSIVE DISORDER WOTH PSYCHOTIC FEATURES, OR AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER
Cluster B personality Disorders
The prominent problems are with keeping feelings tolerable without acting
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Borderline Personality Disorder
Histrionic Personality Disorder
Antisocial Personality Disorder Diagnostic Criteria
A pervasive pattern or disregard for and violation of the rights of others, occuring since the age 15 years as indicated by three of the following:
- Failure to conform to social norms with respect to lawful behaviours, as indicated by performing acts that are grounds for arrest.
- Deceitfulness by repeated lying for personal profit or pleasure
- Impulsivity or failure to plan ahead
- Irritability and aggressiveness
- Reckless disregard for safety of self or others
- Consistent irresponsibility, as indicated by repeated failure to sustain work or financial obligations
- Lack of remorse
The individual must be at least 18
There must be evidence of conduct disorder with onset before the age of 15
The onset of the antisocial behaviour does not occur exclusively during the course of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder
Borderline Personality Disorder Diagnostic Criteria
A pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationshops, self-image, and affects and marked impulsivity, beginning by early adulthood with 5 or more of:
- Frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment
- A pattern of unstable and intense interpersonal relationships like idealisation and devaluation
- Identity disturbance: unstable self-image or sense of self
- Impulsivity in at least 2 areas that are potentially self damaging
- Recurrent suicidal behaviour, gestures or threats
- Affective instability due to a marked reactivity of mood
- Chronic feeling of emptiness
- Inappropriate intense anger or difficulty controlling anger
- Transient stress related paranoid ideation or severe dissociative symptoms
Narcissistic Personality Disorder Diagnostic Criteria
A pervasive pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy beginning by early adulthood and indicated by 5 or more of:
- Sense of self importance
- Is pre-occupied with fantasies of unlimited success, power, brilliance, beauty.
- Believes that they are special and unique and can only be understood by other special people
- Requires excessive admiration
- Has a sense of entitlement
- Is interpersonally exploitive
- Lacks emphathy
- Is often envious of others or believes that others are envious of them
- Shows arrogant, haughty behaviours or attitudes
Histronic Personality Disorder Diagnostic Criteria
A pervasive pattern or excessive emotionality and attention seeking beginning by early adulthood as indicated by 5 or more of:
- Is uncomfortable in situations in which they are not the centre of attention
- Interaction with others is often characterised by inappropriate sexually seductive or provocative behaviour
- Displays rapidly shifting and shallow expression of emotions
- Consistently uses physical appearance to draw attention
- Has stule of speech that is excessivly impressionistic and lacking in detail
- Shows self-dramatisation and exaggerated expression of emotion
- Is suggestible
- considers relationships to be more intimate than they actually are
Cluster C personality disorders
the prominent problems relation to anxiety and how it is managed in relationships
Obsessive-Compulsive (Anankastic) Personality Disorder
Avoidant Personality Disorder
Dependent Personality Disorder
Dependent Personality Disorder Criteria
A pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of that leads to submissive and clinging behaviour and fears of seperation, beginning by early adulthod and having 5 or more of:
- Has difficulty making decisions without an excessive amount of advice and reassurance from others
- Needs others to assume responsibility for most major areas of his or her life
- Has difficulty expressing disagreement with others because of fear of loss of approval from others
- Has difficulty initiating projects or doing things on his or her own
- Goes to excessive lengths to obtain nurturance and support from others
- Feels uncomfortable or helpless when alone because of exaggerated fears of being unable to care for himself or herself.
- Urgently seeks another relationship as a source of care and support when a close relationship ends
- Is unrealistically preoccupied with fears of being left to take care of himself
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder Criteria
A pervasive pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism and mental and interpersonal control, at the expense of flexibility, openness and efficiency, beginning by early adulthood and indicated by four or more of the following:
- Is preoccupied with details, rules, lists, order, organisation
- Shows perfectionism that interferes with task completion
- Is excessively devoted to work and productivity to the exclusion of leisure activities
- Is overconscientious, scrupulous and inflexible about matters of morality
- Is unable to discard worn out or worthless objects
- Is reluctant to delegate tasks or to work with others
- Adopts a miserly spending style
- Shows rigidity and stubbornness
Avoidant Personality Disorders criteria
A pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation. Four or more of the following:
- Avoids occupational activities that involve significant interpersonal contact due to fears of criticism or rejection
- Is unwilling to get involved with perople unless certain of being liked
- Shows restraint within intimate relationships because of the fear of being shamed
- Is preoccupied with being critisied
- Is inhibited in new interpersonal situations
- Views self as socially inept, personally unappealing or inferior to others
- Reluctant to take personal risks or to engage in any new activities because they may prove embarrassing
