Personality Disorders Flashcards
In DSM-IV TR, personality disorders were included in a separate axis because they were seen as distinct. What is it called?
Axis II
This disorder is a persistent pattern of emotions, cognitions, and behaviors that results in enduring emotional distress for the person affected and/or for others and may cause difficulties with work and relationship.
Personality Disorders
True or false: Are these disorders chronic?
True
True or false: Do these disorders usually emerge during adulthood?
False. It originates in childhood
True or false: Individuals with these disorders may not feel subjective distress.
True
True or false: Do these disorders remit over time and may meet the criteria for another personality disorder?
True
This is a concept coined by Sigmund Freud, which refers to the emotions brought out by the client during a therapy and is essential to the success of treatments in individuals diagnosed these disorders.
Countertransference
True or false: Individuals with these disorders may not feel subjective distress.
True
True or false: Personality disorders in DSM are viewed as extreme versions of otherwise typical personality variations.
False. Currently, personality disorders in DSM are based on categorical diagnoses, that is, ways of relating that are different from psychologically healthy behaviors, despite the fact that many clinicians view them as dimensions. It is however suggested by some to incorporate both categorical and dimensional diagnoses to have a better understanding of the disorders.
What are the several reasons for the differences in diagnoses of these disorders?
Biases, differences in help seeking behavior, and tolerance of behavior
The division of personality disorders into groups or clusters is based on what?
Resemblance
What are the disorders that fall under Cluster A: odd or eccentric disorders?
Paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal
What are the disorders that fall under Cluster B: dramatic, emotional, or erratic disorders?
Antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic
What are the disorders that fall under Cluster C: anxious or fearful disorders?
Avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
What disorder is incorrectly more diagnosed in women and can be explained by gender biases?
Histrionic personality disorder
True or false: Personality disorders in DSM are viewed as extreme versions of otherwise typical personality variations.
False. Currently, personality disorders in DSM are based on categorical diagnoses, that is, ways of relating that are different from psychologically healthy behaviors, despite the fact that many clinicians view them as dimensions. It is however suggested by some to incorporate both categorical and dimensional diagnoses to have a better understanding of the disorders
What disorder is incorrectly more diagnosed in women and can be explained by gender biases?
Histrionic personality disorder (HPD)
What is the reason for the discrepancy in prevalence rates for these disorders?
The tendency to be diagnosed with more than one personality disorder (comorbidity)
The existence of these disorders are not included in DSM 5 due to their persisting controversies.
Sadistic personality disorder and passive-aggressive personality disorder
These disorders share a common feature that resemble the psychotic symptoms in what disorder?
Schizophrenia
This refers to a disorder in which a person is excessively mistrustful and suspicious of others, without any justification.
Paranoid personality disorder (PPD)
True or false: One is more susceptible to developing PPD if relatives have schizotypal personality disorder.
False. It is schizophrenia. This explains why genetics largely play in the development of the disorder
A disorder in which people show a pattern of detachment from social relationships and a limited range of emotions in interpersonal situations.
Schizoid personality disorder (SPD)
Homelessness is prevalent in this disorder.
Schizoid
People with this disorder also have social deficiencies but is relatively toned down compared to Schizoid.
PPD
This disorder show both a positive symptom (e.g. ideas of reference) and negative symptoms (e.g. social isolation, poor rapport, and constricted affect) found in schizophrenia
PPD
This disorder only show negative symptoms (e.g. social isolation, poor rapport, and constricted affect) found in schizophrenia
Schizoid
This disorder only show positive symptoms (e.g. ideas of reference, magical thinking, perceptual distortions) found in schizophrenia
Schizotypal
This disorder show both a positive symptom (e.g. ideas of reference) and negative symptoms (e.g. social isolation, poor rapport, and constricted affect) found in schizophrenia
PPD
Schizotypal personality disorder is considered by some to be on a continuum with schizophrenia. In terms of their differential diagnosis, what are the debilitating symptoms not present in SPD but has in schizophrenia?
Hallucinations and delusions
What is the key difference between hallucinations and illusions?
The presence of external stimuli, which only exist in illusions
People with this disorder tend to be suspicious and have paranoid thoughts, express little emotion, and may dress or behave in unusual ways.
Schizotypal
People with this disorder tend to be suspicious and have paranoid thoughts, express little emotion, and may dress or behave in unusual ways.
Schizotypal
People with this disorder is characterized by perceptual distortions in the same manner as schizophrenia, however, these distortions are only feelings, unlike with schizophrenia, wherein they might report the presence of another person when there isn’t.
Schizotypal
It is viewed as the milder form of schizophrenia and a precursor to it.
Schizotypal
A disorder wherein an individual fails to comply to social norms/violates the rights of others without feeling any remorse or guilt.
APD
This disorder is seen as a precursor to APD, which is for children who engage in behaviors that violate society’s norms. They may or may not be remorseful about their behavior (in DSM 5, a specifier with a callous-unemotional representation is included).
Conduct disorder
APD has had a number of names over the years. This refers to people with unusual emotional responses and impulsive rages but no deficits in reasoning ability, which was first identified by Philippe Pinel.
Manie Sans Delire (Mania without delirium)
A term that figured most prominently in psychological research along with antisocial personality disorder.
Psychopathy
Psychopaths always have problems in legal or interpersonal difficulties.
False. There are those that function successfully in society
True or false: People with low IQ have greater risk of violating laws.
True
APD is now a trait based criteria, which includes some of the same language included in Hare’s criteria such as callousness, manipulativeness, and deceitfulness. What is this tool?
Revised Psychopathy Checklist (PCL-R)
It is one of the most common personality disorder observed in clinicial setting.
BPD
It is one of the most common personality disorder observed in clinical setting.
BPD
People with BPD tend to improve during 30s and 40s but may continue to have difficulties into old age, which is in contrast to another personality disorder. What is it?
APD
People with this disorder rarely seek treatment, which is in contrast with BPD wherein they are more likely to seek for therapeutical help.
APD
This is one of the most thoroughly researched cognitive-behavioral treatment on BPD and was developed by Marsha Linehan, which involves helping people cope with the stressors that may seem to trigger suicidal behaviors and maladaptive responses.
Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)
This disorder has been conceptualized as the female version of psychopathy, which is why there is a high rate of diagnosis in women. It has been found that the overdiagnosis in women is incorrect.
HPD
Features of this disorder such as overdramatization, vanity, seductiveness, overconcern with physical appearance are characteristic of the Western “stereotypical female” and may lead to an overdiagnosis among women.
HPD
HPD has a possible relationship with another personality disorder. What is this?
APD
HPD has a possible relationship with another personality disorder. What is this?
APD
A term used to refer to people who show an exaggerated sense of self-importance and are preoccupied with receiving attention.
Narcissistic
A disorder in which one has an unreasonable sense of self-importance and are so preoccupied with themselves that they lack sensitivity and compassion for other people.
Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD)
This refers to exaggerated feelings and fantasies of greatness, which is a defining characteristic of NPD.
Grandiosity
A disorder wherein people rely on others to make ordinary decisions as well as important ones, resulting in an unreasonable fear of abandonment.
Dependent Personality Disorder (DPD)
What are the characteristics that DPD and Avoidant Personality Disorder (APD) have in common?
Feelings of inadequacy, sensitivity to criticism, and need for reassurance
People with this disorder avoids relationships, which is in contrast with DPD, wherein they cling to relationships.
APD
Therapists must be extra careful when dealing with individuals diagnosed with this kind of personality disorder as it may result in their patients becoming overly dependent on them, which negates one of the major goals of therapy.
DPD
True or false: People with APD desire for a social relationship.
True
These two personality disorders are characterized by asocial behavior.
Schizoid and avoidant personality disorders
People with this disorder are asocial because they are apathetic, affectively flat, and uninterested in interpersonal relationships, which is in contrast to APD as individuals with this disorder are asocial because they are interpersonally anxious and fearful of rejection.
Schizoid
People with this disorder are asocial because they are apathetic, affectively flat, and uninterested in interpersonal relationships, which is in contrast to APD as individuals with this disorder are asocial because they are interpersonally anxious and fearful of rejection.
Schizoid
True or false: Both APD and DPD are characterized by dependence on other people.
True. However for APD, they are only dependent on people they find comfortable with
People with this disorder fixates on things being done “the right way”.
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD)
What differentiates OCPD from the like-named obsessive compulsive disorder in anxiety disorders?
The tendency to not have the obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors.
What is the key feature in OCD that OCPD does not have?
Obsession (intrusive thoughts), which forces a person to engage in behaviors to relieve feelings of distress or anxiety
