Introduction Flashcards
T or F: No one criterion has yet been developed that fully defines a psychological disorder.
T
This refers to a breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning.
Dysfunction
T or F: Distress and suffering are a natural part of life and do not in themselves constitutes a psychological disorder.
T
T or F: Most psychological disorders are not extreme expressions of otherwise normal emotions, behaviors, and cognitive processes.
F
What are the criteria that defines a psychological disorder?
Dysfunction, Distress, Danger, and Deviance
A criterion that means violating social norms even if many people are sympathetic to one’s point of view.
Deviance
T or F: If an extreme behavior is accepted by some people, but not tolerated by other members of the society satisfies the criteria for a psychological disorder.
F, 4Ds must be present to meet the criteria for abnormality
The most widely accepted definition of psychological disorder, “behavioral, psychological, or biological dysfunctions that are unexpected in their cultural context and associated with present distress and impairment in functioning, or increased risk of suffering, death, pain, or impairment” is used in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD).
False, DSM 5
Although health professionals will never be able to satisfactorily define disease or disorder. There is a best way to consider how the disorder matches a “typical” profile of a disorder. That is when most or all symptoms present that experts would agree are part of the disorder. What do you call this?
Prototype
Severity is one of the additional dimensional estimates of specific disorders in DSM 4.
False, DSM 5
It is the scientific study of psychological disorder.
Psychopathology
T or F: A Psy.D. degree focuses on clinical training, whereas a Ph.D. integrates clinical and research training.
T
Are clinical psychologists allowed to prescribe medications?
No, only psychiatrists who have M.D. degrees and specialization in psychiatry during residency training, are allowed to prescribe medications.
What are the 3 functions of mental health practitioners as scientist-practitioners?
Consumer of science, evaluator of science, and creator of science
This refers to the number of people in the population as a whole who have the disorder.
Prevalence
This refers to the statistics on how many new cases occur during a given period.
Incidence
This refers to the percentage of males and females who have the disorder.
Sex ratio
This refers to a course of disorder that tends to last a long time, sometimes a lifetime.
Chronic
This refers to a course of disorder in that the individual is likely to recover within a few months only to suffer a recurrence of the disorder at a later time. (e.g. mood disorders)
Episodic
This refers to a course of disorder that will improve without treatment in a relatively short period with little or no risk of recurrence.
Time-limited
T or F: The episodic course has chances of recurrence at a later date.
T
This refers to an onset that begins suddenly.
Acute
This refers to an onset that develops gradually over an extended period of time.
Insidious
This refers to an anticipated course of a disorder.
Prognosis
What makes developmental psychopathology different from developmental psychology?
Developmental psychopathology focuses on the changes in abnormal behavior over time.
This refers to the study of origins and has to do with why a disorder begins. It also includes biological, psychological, and social dimensions.
Etiology
This refers to the unique combination of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings that make up a specific disorder.
Clinical description
During this century, supernatural forces such as demons and witches were believed to be the cause of abnormal behavior, which they refer to as madness or evil.
14th century until 15th century (Middle Ages)
It was also during the 14th and 15th centuries that insanity was believed to be a natural phenomenon and can be curable. What could be the cause behind it?
Mental or emotional stress
Mass hysteria was also a fascinating phenomenon that characterizes bizarre behavior. What were the other two names for it?
Saint Vitus’ Dance and Tarantism
This refers to an experience of an emotion that seems to spread to those around us, which is a demonstration of mass hysteria.
Emotion contagion
This Swiss physician believed that the movement of the moon and stars had profound effects on people’s psychological functioning. Although no scientific evidence supports this idea, followers of astrology holds this belief.
Paracelsus
He is the Father of Western Medicine who believed that psychological disorders might also be caused by brain pathology, head trauma, and hereditary (genetics).
Hippocrates
Hippocrates believed that normal bodily functioning was related to 4 bodily fluids or humors: yellow bile, black bile, blood, and phlegm. What is this theory?
Humor theory of Disorders
Hippocrates believed that normal bodily functioning was related to 4 bodily fluids or humors: yellow bile, black bile, blood, and phlegm. What is this theory?
Humor theory of Disorders
Hippocrates believed that normal bodily functioning was related to 4 bodily fluids or humors: yellow bile, black bile, blood, and phlegm. What is this theory?
Humor theory of Disorders
Hippocrates believed that normal bodily functioning was related to 4 bodily fluids or humors: yellow bile, black bile, blood, and phlegm. It is the first example to associate psychological disorders with chemical imbalance. What is this theory?
Humor Theory of Disorders
T or F: Blood came from the brain, black bile from the spleen, yellow bile from the liver, and phlegm from the heart.
False, blood came from the heart, whereas phlegm from the brain.
According to humor theory, the cause of melancholy was believed to be the flooding of ____ to the brain.
Black bile
Delusion of persecution and delusion of grandeur is included in this type of disease, which is a bacterial microorganism entering the brain.
Syphilis
This influential American psychiatrist revitalized the biological tradition of psychological disorders followings its wane during the centuries after Hippocrates and Galen.
John P. Grey
He is the founding father of modern psychiatry and much of his contributions focused on diagnosis and classification.
Emil Kraeplin (1856-1926)
This refers to a type of strong psychological approach to mental disorders in which it treated institutionalized patients as normally as possible in a setting that encouraged and reinforced normal social intervention.
Moral therapy
She began the mental hygiene environment as a consequence of racism and deplorable conditions imposed on patients with insanity.
Dorothea Dix
Id is to pleasure principle, whereas superego is to ____ principle.
Conscience
This is the first major approach to psychological tradition in the 20th century and it was conceptualized by Sigmund Freud.
Psychoanalysis
If the ego becomes anxious because of the battle between Id and Superego, what does it do to shield the anxiety?
Employ defense mechanisms
A type of defense mechanism wherein it substitutes behavior, thoughts, or feelings that are the direct opposite of unacceptable ones.
Reactive formation
A type of defense mechanism in which it falsely attributes its own unacceptable feelings, impulses, or thoughts to another individual or object.
Projection
According to Freud, if we did not receive appropriate gratification during a specific stage or if a specific stage left a particularly strong impression, an individual’s personality would reflect the stage throughout the adult life. What is this called?
Fixation
Who are the two students of Freud that rejected his ideas and formed their own school of thoughts.
Carl Jung and Alfred Adler
Carl Jung introduced this concept wherein wisdom accumulated by a society culture is stored deep in individual memories and passed down to generation to generation.
Collective Unconscious
Only Adler and not Jung believed that the basic quality of human nature is positive and that there is a strong drive towards self-actualization, that is, realizing one’s full potential.
False, Both Adler and Jung believed in this
The battle between lustful impulses and castration anxiety creates an internal or intrapsychic conflict, which is observed in the phallic stage of psychosexual development. What is this called?
Oedipus Complex
Superego is to conscience, ego is to logical or rational, and Id is to ____.
Illogical/emotional/irrational
Abraham Maslow hypothesized that we cannot progress up the hierarchy until we have satisfied the needs at lower levels. What is this theory?
Hierarchy of Needs
What are the four stages in Hierarchy of Needs? (Starting upwards)
Physiological, safety, love and belongingness, self-actualization
A humanistic-based therapy wherein the therapist takes a passive role, making as few interpretations as possible.
Person-centered therapy
T or F: The humanistic model found its greatest application among individuals without psychological disorders.
T
A phenomenon in which a response generalizes to similar stimuli, and explains the occurrence of classical conditioning.
Stimulus generalization
T or F: In classical conditioning, most learning of this type requires repeated pairing of the UCS and CS to elicit a UCR.
F, it’s CR (conditioned response)
This is a perspective on causality wherein it suggests that any particular influence contributing to psychopathology cannot be considered out of context.
Systemic
An approach to psychopathology in which biological, psychological, and social influences contribute to the development of psychological disorders.
Multidimensional integrative approach
A model that proposes individuals inherit tendencies to express certain traits or behaviors, which may then be activated under stress.
Stress-Diathesis Model
T or F: According to the stress-diathesis model, the greater the underlying vulnerability, the more stress is needed to trigger a disorder.
F, the greater the underlying vulnerability or diathesis, the less stress is required to trigger a disorder
This model emphasizes the interaction between genes and the environment.
Stress-Diathesis Model
A principle in a multidimensional integrative approach reminds us that we must consider the various possible paths to a particular disorder, not just the result.
Principle of equifinity
What are the three additional dimensional axes added to DSM-V?
Severity, frequency, and duration
In what textbook edition of DSM was the multiaxial system removed?
DSM-V
In what textbook edition was the multiaxial system introduced?
DSM-III
In what textbook edition of DSM did the need for consensual classification of disorders emerge?
DSM-II
In what textbook edition of DSM did the distinction between organically based disorders and psychological disorders dropped, which was first introduced in DSM-I?
DSM-IV
A type of behavioral learning that can explain the development or etiology of a specific phobia.
Classical conditioning (of phobic stimulus)
