Personality and relationships Flashcards
What does the attachment theory by Bowlby explore and suggest
Early attachment exp like those with parents become internalized and may predict future relationships esp romantic ones. If caregiver is warm and supportive then child will assume the world around to be the same and if the opposite is true then they would the assume the world to be so
___ is the caregivers role as a place of safety for the child
secure base
A secure relationship can lead to high score on exploration index - t/f
True
_____ used rhesus monkeys to help explain the concept of a secure/warm vs cold/unsupportive attahcmebt
harry harlow
what are attachment styles?
general way in which individual attaches or relates to others
What are the 3 attachment styles - explain
- secure attachment - it is formed when the caregiver is loving and supportive providing a secure base to explore from and return to for the child; the presence of caregiver calms the child down. It is a trusting and open style of attachment
- anxious-ambivalent att - in this kind the child may have a negative view of self and it uncertain clingy and fearful that the caregiver may leave and not return and does not love him or her. This is the case when the caregiver is unreliable (depressed or uses drugs). Child is diff to comfort when scared and continues to cry when the parent returns
- avoidant - this is a result of the caregiver being abusive or unavailable not lending any support to the child making him or her distrustful and continuing to not seek support and do everything independently. It is a removed or isolated style of attachment. The child is uncomfortable with emotional intimacy and closeness
Adults high in anxious attachment have which big 5 traits present
- high N
- low C
Adults having avoidant attcahment have which big 5 traits present
- low E, A and C
what can make attachment styles change or enhance attachment security
- stable and positve relationships can
What is the dimensional approach to studying?
It is an approach to determine adult attachment and measures scores on 2 dimensions - anxiety and avoidance
anx - nervousness about relationships and a negative view of self
Avoidance - desire not be connected fully or be emotionally intimate and a negative view of others
What are the 4 types of attachment of the dimensional approach
- secure - positive view of self and others; comfortable with intimacy and autonomy in close rel, resolves conflicts in a healthy way
- preoccupied - negative view of self, needy and approach orientation, self worth is dependent on others and is demanding
- Dismissing - positive view of self and negative of other and is overly reliant on self and downplays the imp of close intimate relationships
- fearful - highly anxious and avoidant and dependent on other but avoids intimacy due to frar of rejection, low self esteem
What are some traits that lead to a highly satisfying relationship?
high A, C and low N
What kind of relationships do extroverts, agreeable ppl, neurotic ppl and concientious ppl and open to exp ppl have?
Extrovert: they have numerous relationships and dont find it diff to form new ones, they are satisfied with their relationships however there relationships are mostly shallow and do not have a deep connect
High in A: they have positive satisfying relationships
High in N: unstable, troubled rel that cause troubles for a partner
High C: Experience less conflict and violence
High C: They are open to forming relationships with people not from their own culture and like to incorporate their partners identity traits or cultural traits into their own personality - self expansion
_________the desire to expand
the self by including
traits, qualities, and
skills of another
Self-expansion
____ is understanding and feeling the experiences another person is having - includes taking another persons perspective
empathy
Perspective taking can be defined as _____
The ability to see the world from another’s pov and is a subset of empathy
How is empathy measured?
Empathy Assessment Scale
- Social - regards empathy as a high level social value when interacting with others in a relationship; measured by Social Interaction (SI)
- Cognitive - understanding feeling as a part of social expeirnces and knowing what emotion to showcase when
measured by cognitive behaviour or CB - Affective - accurately sensing and perceiving, actually feeling others’ emotions measured by emotional identification
____ is defined as witnessing someone else suffering and to want to remove that suffering
compassion
compassion vs emoathy
compassion is feeing emotion towards those suffering and not just anyone. Wanting to ease the suffering with no emotional cost for self and may not involve feeling emotions of the other person as such
What are some ways employers can prevent compassion fatigue or burnout
- cultivate community at work work
- align values and strengthen culture
- acknowledge and assess the problem
- promote resilience and self care
- promote felxibility and work life integration
What scale is used to measure compassion as per Strauss and what are the subscales
Sussex Oxford compassion for others scale
- understanding universality of suffering
- motivated to alleviate the suffering
- feeling for the persona suffering
- recognize suffering
- tolerating uncomfortable emotions
What traits do partners with high self control exhinit
- very accomodating
- engage in constructive responses to partners beh
- less ikely to engage in negative relationship behaviours
The ability to move from the acquired to transformed matric by acting in a constructuve rather than destructive way to partners beh is called ______
accommodation
what is the dark triad
combination of 3 traits - Machiavellianism, psychopathy and narcissism
the lack of empathy mixed with impulsivity is defined as _____
psychopathy - such ppl are not bothered by the suffering of others
Where did the term Machiavellianism arise from and what does it imply?
it cam fromt he The Prince by Niccolo Machiavelli on how to rulle a country
- it is the combination of lack of empathy and willingness to exploit others to remain in power or succeed at a game
- they are unemotional, manipualtive and deceptive
- they ignore conventional morality
___ is the lack of empathy and a sense of gradiosity and the need to preserve a self image
narcissism
What is the correlation between the dark triad traits and A as well as HEXACO honesty Humility
negative correlations
stealing someone else’s relationship partner is called ____and is common among those with dark triads
mate poaching
Increasing A is proven to decrease or better these traits esp Machiavellianism - t/f
False - it can increase esp as one can use it as a form of manipulation to exploit or use others to their advantage but works for other 2 traits
What does the dark tetrad entail?
entails another trait called sadism
- it is basically includes more vindictive and hostile attitude
- people enjoy watching other suffer
How is sadism diff from psychopathy?
sadistic tendencies imply enjoyment in suffering of others due to cruelty and it is a reward whereas in psychopathy it is due to impulsivity be it a reactive or instrumental
What does low scorw on the dark tetrad implhy?
higher scores on positive traits
high score in ____ and avergae scores in other traits implies ability to make difficuly decisions
psychopathy
_____ developed the 1st tool to measure psychopathic traits
Hare
What did hare theorize about psychopathic personalities
- they are repeat offenders and involved in criminal activities
- unable to comprehend or understand fundamental moral norms
- cannot be rehabilitated
PCL-R measures?
spectrum trait psychopathy - interpersonal, affective and behavioural features
what are the 2 factors and 4 facets of the PCL-R checklist
Factor 1 - emotional detachment
- interpersonal
- affective
Factor 2 - Antisocial behaviour
- lifestyle
- antisocial
what are higher scores of PCL-R associated with?
increased rates of recidivism and therapeutic pessimism
What treatment can be offered for psychopathy??
- manage factor 1 issues
- Actively target criminogenic features associated with Factor 2
◦ Cognitive restructuring and/or CBT
