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PSYC2101 > Personality > Flashcards

Personality Flashcards

1
Q

Psychometrics makes 2 fundamental assumptions about the mental constructs it attempts to measure. What are those?

A
  1. They exist
  2. They can be
    measured and quantified
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2
Q

What is the APA definition of personality?

A

Personality refers to “individual differences in characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving”

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3
Q

Key assumptions about personality?

A
  • Personality is stable over time
  • Personality influences behavior
  • There are a (finite) number of dimensions on which people can differ. These dimensions are referred as personality traits
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4
Q

Hippocrates’ 4 humors/ temperaments?

A

Sanguine, choleric, melancholic, phlegmatic

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5
Q

Sanguine…

A

Blood

Sociable, playful, carefree

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6
Q

Choleric…

A

Yellow bile

Ambitious, relentless, hot tempred

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7
Q

Melancholic…

A

Black bile

Quiet, analytical, despondent

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8
Q

Phlegmatic…

A

Phlegm

Calm, peaceful, lazy

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9
Q

What is factor analysis?

A

Factors consist of items that correlate highly with each other but lowly with other items on the scale

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10
Q

Cattell?

A
  • Used factor analysis to identify 16 ‘personality factors’

- Developed the 16PF questionnaire

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11
Q

Eysenck’s Personality Theory

A
  • Used factor analysis on Cattell’s data
  • Reducde Cattell’s 16PF into 2 factors:
    1. Extraversion/introversion
    2. Emotionally unstable (neurotic) / Emotionally stable

Eysenck later included a 3rd factorL Psychoticism

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12
Q

Big 5 personality factors

A

Openness to experience (O)
- inventive/curious vs. consistent/cautious

Conscientiousness (C)
- efficient/organized vs. easy-going/careless

Extraversion (E)
- outgoing/energetic vs. solitary/reserved

Agreeableness (A)
- friendly/compassionate vs. analytical/detached

Neuroticism (N)
- sensitive/nervous vs. secure/confident

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13
Q

NEO-Personality Inventory Revised is used for…

A

measuring the Big 5

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14
Q

Structure of NEO-Personality Inventory Revised?

A
  • 240 questions (48 for each of the 5 factors)
  • 5 point scale (Strongly Agree to Strongly Disagree)
  • Each factor is comprised of 6 ‘facets’ (sub-factors)
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15
Q

Reliability of NEO-PI-R?

A
  • Internal consistency ~ 0.9; Test-retest (1 week) ~ 0.9
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16
Q

Validity of NEO-PI-R?

A
  • Criterion validity: Conscientiousness predicts GPA of Uni students
  • Convergenet validity: NEO-PI-R Extraversion score correlates highly
    with Eysenck Extraversion score
17
Q

Some other scales used for Big 5 measurement?

A

Big Five Inventory; Five Factor PI

18
Q

Cobb-Clark and Schurer study?

A

Stability of Big 5 over 4 years

  • ~6000 adults completed BFPI
  • change is in the second decimal place
19
Q

Soldz and Valient 1999 study?

A

Stability of Big 5 over 45 years

  • 123 men completed NEO-PI at college and again after 45 years
  • High correlations between baseline and follow-up for Neuroticism, Openness to experience, and Extraversion
20
Q

McCrae 1998 study of cross-cultural validity of NEO-PI-R?

A
  • NEO-PI-R completed by American, French, and Filipino individuals
  • Used factor analysis
  • Big 5 factors emerged in all 3 groups
21
Q

Evidence against universality of big 5?

A

Gurven et al 2012

  • Gave BFI to 632 Tsimane people from the Bolivian jungle
  • Factor analysis - big 5 didn’t emerge
  • Instead there was ‘Tsimane Big Two’
    • Prosociality and INdustriousness
22
Q

Heritability of big 5?

A

Jang et al 1996 Study

  • Gave NEO-PIR to 123 MZ and DZ twins
  • MZ
  • O and E most heritable
  • A was the least
23
Q

Jang et al 1996 Study

A

Big 5 heritable

  • Gave NEO-PIR to 123 MZ and DZ twins
  • MZ
  • O and E most heritable
  • A was the least
24
Q

Neurobiological correlates of Big 5?

A
  • Higher extraversion - more grey matter in OFC; related to inhibition (counterintuitive?)
  • Agreeableness - superior temporal sulcus; where the mirror neurons lie
    • Fire when you perform an action, and when someone else performs the same action
    • Involved in monitoring the intentions of other people
  • Openness - no significant neurocorrelates
  • Conscientiousness - MFG
  • Neuroticism - lots, including amygdala
25
Q

Myer-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

A

16 different types categorised on the basis of 4 dichotomies

  • Extraverted/Introverted
  • Sensing/Intuitive
  • Thinking/Feeling
  • Judging/Perceiving
  • Very categorical
  • Not widely used in research
26
Q

What is the Dark Triad?

A
  • Subclinical set of three negative personality traits
  • Evidence that DT traits tend to be higher in certain groups, including CEOs
  • Narcissism
  • Psychopathy
  • Machiavellianism

PSYC2101 (12 decks)

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