Personality

Question 1

What is the interactionists view

Answer 1

Personality as well as the environment

Question 2

What did Hollander state/do..?

Answer 2

A structure to explain how our personality works:

• psyc core: “the real u”
• typical response: how we respond to the environment // learnt *stored experiences

Role related behaviour: perception

Question 3

What is attributions

Answer 3

The reasons we give for our performance

Def: perceived reasons for the success or failure of an event or pattern of behaviour

Question 4

What did Eysenck say about traits

Answer 4

Individuals posses stable traits based on 2 dimensions:

• extrovert / introvert
  Certain stimulus or arosual that are sutible for them. Controlled by RAS
• stable / neurotic
  Emotionality and reaction of the autonomic nervous energy system to stressful situations

Question 5

What did cattell suggest

Answer 5

That personality was based on stable traits but thought eyesenk was to simple

Cattells 16 categories factors

Question 6

What are the problems with trait theories

Answer 6

• Too simplistic
• do not account for change in personality over time
• environmental and situational factors??
• not an accurate predictor
• limited value in sporting success

Question 7

Who proposed the equation to explain the interactionists theories

Answer 7

Lewin

• B=f(PE)

Our behaviour is the result to the function of the game along with the personality and environment combined

Question 8

What can we use to measure personality

Answer 8

Self report : EPI ,
Interview: cattells 16PF
Questionnaire

Question 9

What are the 6 moods used in POMS

Answer 9

tension

Depression

Anger

Vigour

Fatigue

Confusion

Question 10

What is the sceptical approach

Answer 10

Based on the approach which questions the link between personality and sorting performance

Question 11

What is the credulous approach

Answer 11

Based on the approach which supports the link between personality and sporting performance

Question 12

Define personality

Answer 12

The combination of characteristics that determine an individual’s behaviour.

Question 13

What are the criticisms with methods to measure personality

Answer 13

• Validity is questioned?
• Results may be varied: reliability
• other factors that can affect results (situation)
• social desirability
• ambiguity or misinterpretation.
• yes no questions may be limited
• ethical probs

Question 14

Who addressed the theories of motivation

Answer 14

McCelland and Atkinson

Stable aspect of personality

2 motives that control us:

• n.Ach
• N.Af

Question 15

What does the performer with a n.Ach display

Answer 15

• sense of pride
• perseverance
• quick completion
• welcome feedback
• optimistic
• confidence
• ## prepared to take risks

Question 16

What does n.Af display

Answer 16

• attempt to avoid shame
• worry about failure
• avoid 50/50 situations
• don’t like feedback
• attribute performance to external factors
• give up easily

Question 17

How does theory of motivation link with interactionism

Answer 17

Links situation as well

(Ms - Maf) x (Ps X (I-Ps) )

ms : motive to succeed
Ps: probability of success
Maf :motive to avu of failure
I : incentive value of success

Question 18

Past paper: 2013

How can knowledge of the interactionists theory of personality help a coach improve the performance of an individual player? (4marks)

Answer 18

Explanation of theory;

• Mixture of personality traits and the situation/trait theory/social learning
• behaviour can alter in diff situations
• (lewin) b=f(pe)
• psychological core/inner core/fairly permanent beliefs
• role related behaviour/ specific behaviour

Application of theory; coach

• performer can be taught to alter their behaviour and improve performance/ certain ways
• coach identifies aspects of personality or behaviour to be changed
• creates situations or experiences cause change in behaviour eg teach aggression/assertive
• coach identifies a suitable situation to avoid aspects of personality being displayed

Question 19

Elite performers often display approach behaviour.
How does the achievement motivation of a performer affect their approach behaviour?
(Total 4 marks)

Answer 19

4 marks for 4 of:
Explanation
A (Achievement motivation) – desire to succeed – fear of failure.
B (depends on) – probability of success / chances of success.
C (depends on) – incentive value of success / rewards available / intrinsic motivation / extrinsic rewards.
D (depends on) – personality of performer / need to achieve or NACH personality / need to avoid failure or NAF personality.
Sub max of 2 marks for explanation (A to D)
Application
E Performer with higher need to achieve will display approach behaviour.
F Performer with higher need to avoid failure will display avoidance behaviour.
G (Approach behaviour / Nach) – attempts challenges / take risks / not worry about failure / 50-50 chance of success / likes feedback or equiv.
(Avoidance behaviour / Naf) – avoids challenges / worries about failure / dislikes feedback or equiv.
Sub max of 2 marks for application (E to G)
G – either Nach or Naf characteristics can be awarded but not both
[4]

Question 20

Using appropriate psychological theories, explain why performers may have different levels of optimal arousal

Answer 20

Drive Theory
As arousal increases so does likelihood of dominant response / habit.
Experienced players perform better with higher levels of arousal / the more experienced players in a team require higher levels of arousal.
Novice players perform better with lower levels of arousal.
Inverted U Theory
As arousal increases so does performance but only to certain level.
Optimal arousal occurs at moderate levels.
(Personality of performer) – extroverts higher levels of arousal / introverts lower levels of arousal.
(Nature of the Task) – complex or fine skills lower need lower levels of arousal / simple or gross skills need higher levels of arousal.
Accept relevant sporting examples if used in correct context.
(Skill of performer) – experienced higher levels of arousal / novices lower levels of arousal.
Zone of Optimal Functioning
Some performers have a wider range of optimal arousal levels / different band widths of optimal arousal.