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Psychology 4 > Personality > Flashcards

Personality Flashcards

1
Q

Personality

A

Thoughts behaviors emotions that are stable over time and across circumstances

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2
Q

Personality traits

A

Characteristics of a person

  • sub categories
  • dispositional tendency to act a certain way over time
  • motivatiob
  • pre-existing disposition
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3
Q

Pre-existing disposition

A
  • causes of behavior that reliably trigger that behavior
  • traits are an inner property
  • personality tests
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4
Q

Self report

A

Questions that help determine a persons own behavior or mental state

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5
Q

Studying Personality

A
  • psychodynamic theories
  • humanistic approach
  • social cognitive approach
  • type and trait approach
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6
Q

Components of the psychodynamic approach

A
  • Freud
  • unconscious influence on personality
  • Id=pleasure center
  • super ego=dictates from society; tension between seeking pleasure and harsh judgement of society
  • ego=mediates between the 2
  • conscious defense mechanism
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7
Q

Minnesota multiphastic personality inventory (MMPI-2)

A
  • Clinical questionnaire
  • Assess personality and psychological problems
  • measures tendency towards clinical problems
  • type of self report
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8
Q

Evaluating personality

A
  • MMPI-2
  • self report
  • Rorschach ink blot test
  • TAT
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9
Q

Projective techniques

A
  • ambiguous stimuli
  • less censored responses
  • reveal more about life than direct questioning of fear
  • ie Rorschach anD TAT
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10
Q

Rorschach ink blot test

A
  • person interprets ink blot
  • reveal inner feelings
  • interpret personality structure
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11
Q

Thematic apperception test (TAT)

A
  • create stories about pictures of ambiguous people

- reveal underlying motives

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12
Q

Controversy with projective tests

A
  • are they reliable?

- examiner add interpretation

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14
Q

Motivation

A
  • traits reflect motives
  • ie hunger motive, go to snack bar
  • issue projective tests
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15
Q

Search for core traits

A
  • traits classified using adjectives-organized in heirarchal power
  • factor analysis
  • big 5
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16
Q

Factor analysis

A

Sort traits items into small dimensions

  • based on how people use traits to rate themselves
  • detect similarities and differences
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20
Q

Big 5 dimensions of personality; 5 factor model

CANOE

A
  • conscientiousness
  • agreeableness
  • neuroticism
  • openness to experience
  • extroversion
  • universal
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21
Q

Biological basis of personality

A
  • rooted in genetics
  • temperament evident in infancy
  • twin study
  • adoption
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22
Q

Twin study

A

-identical twins are more similar than fraternal twins
-heritability
C 44%
A 41%
N 41%
O 61%
E 53%

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23
Q

Adoption

A
  • personalities are unrelated to parents

- behaviors are shaped by environment

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24
Q

Temperments evident in infancy

A
  • activity level
  • emotional level
  • sociability
  • shy children are “inhibited”
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25
Q

Traits in the brain

A

-2 theories: eynsek and gray

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26
Q

Eynsek’s theory about extraversion/intraversion and beyroticism

A
  • extroversion is most related to neurophysiological mechanisms
  • variation in alertness (ie extroverts seek out social interaction, introverts avoid)
  • over/under stimulation of reticular formation
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27
Q

Grays theory for extroversion/intraversion an neuroticism

A
  • 2 brain systems are responsible for extraversion and neuroticism
  • behavioral activation system: go system seeking social reinforcement
  • behavioral inhibition system: stop system; focus on negative outcomes
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28
Q

Arousal and extroversion/intraversion

A

-theory: diffs I cortical arousal

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29
Q

Psychodynamic approach

A
  • personality is formed by needs, strivings and desires that the person is unaware of -motives that can produce emotional disorders
  • dynamic unconscious
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30
Q

Dynamic unconscious

A
  • active system
  • lifetime of hidden memories
  • deepest instincts and desires
  • persons inner struggle to control these forces
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31
Q

Memory suppression-brain activity

A

Decreased hippocampal activity

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32
Q

Defense mechanisms

A

Unconscious coping mechs that reduce anxiety

  • rationalization
  • reaction formation
  • projection
  • regression
  • displacement
  • identification
  • sublimation
  • denial
  • repression
33
Q

Rationalization

A

Find reason for feelings

-conceal oneself from underlying feelings

34
Q

Reaction formation

A

Express exaggerate version of opposite of unconformtable thoughts (ie homosexual)

35
Q

Projection

A

Projecting our own dislikes about ourselves on other people

ie people who think they are dishonest judge other people as having those qualities

36
Q

Regression

A

Reverting to immature behavior or earlier stage of development
-ie whining, baby talk

37
Q

Displacement

A

Shift negative emotion to something else

-ie slam door

38
Q

Identification

A

Take on characteristics of someone who is better able to cope
-ie child bullying other people if parent bullies them

39
Q

Sublimation

A

Channeling socially unacceptable desires into enhancing activities
-ie football to channel aggression

40
Q

Denial

A

It’s not happening

41
Q

Repression

A

Trying not to remember unpleasant things

42
Q

Topographical model of the mind

A
  • Freud
  • bottom to top: unconscious–>pre conscious–>conscious
  • psychotherapist retrieves unconscious via hypnosis and dream analysis
43
Q

Freud decreases in popularity

A

-coined term “penis envy”
That’s why women were coming to see him
-social status, inferiority
-penis as a phallic symbol

44
Q

Psychosexual stages and devel of personality

A

Early life stages through which personality is formed as children experience sexual pleasures from specific body areas

  1. Oral
  2. Anal
  3. Phallic
  4. Oedipus
  5. Latency
  6. Genital
45
Q

Fixation

A

Pleasure seeking drive gets stuck at psychosexual phase

46
Q

Oral stage

A

Pleasure centers in mouth

  • 0-18 mo
  • areas of conflict with caregiver: feeding, weaning
  • personality features: talkative, needy
47
Q

Anal stage

A
  • 2-3 years
  • anus/urethra
  • conflict: toileting
  • personality: orderly, controlled, sloppy
48
Q

Phallic stage

A
  • 3-5 years
  • penis/clitoris
  • masturbation; Oedipus conflict
  • personality: flirtatious; vain, jealous, competitive
48
Q

Humanistic-existential approach

A

“you are your own expert”

  • focus on how healthy choices create personality
  • positive view of human nature
  • goodness and potential for growth
  • individual negotiates meaning and reality of life and death
49
Q

Latency

A
  • 5-13 yrs

- further development

49
Q

Self actualization tendency

A

Motivation to realize their inner potential

  • flow: only focus on this one activity and lose focus on everything else
  • we are motivated to be in a positive flow state
  • existential approach
50
Q

Genital stage

A
  • adulthood
  • penis, vagina
  • conflict: adult responsibilities
  • personality: investments in love and work; adult relationships
50
Q

Existential approach

A
  • personality is governed by someone’s choices and decisions in the context of realities of life and death
  • angst: find meaning of life and death
  • deal with issues instead of using defenses
51
Q

Narrative approach

A

Understanding people’s Personalities through their life stories

51
Q

Hierarchy of needs

A
  • Maslow

- basic needs satisfied, then pursue higher needs, culminate in self-actualization

52
Q

Self actualization

A

The need to be good, fully alive and to find the meaning of life

53
Q

Social cognitive approach

A
  • views personality in terms of how person thinks about situations encountered in daily life and behaves in response to them
  • person situation controversy
54
Q

Person situation controversy

A

Is behavior caused by situational factors or personality?

55
Q

Eynsek 3 “super ordinate” personality traits

A
  1. Emotional stability vs instability (neuroticism)
  2. Extroversion vs intraversion
  3. Psyhoticism (impulsivity/aggression)
56
Q

Sensation seeking scale

A

Getting a sense of what people enjoy/what they are willing to do

57
Q

Personal constructs

A

Dimensions people use to make sense of experiences

58
Q

Outcome expectancies

A

A persons assumptions about the likely consequences of a future behavior

59
Q

Locus of control

A

Questionnaire that measures a persons tendency to perceive the control of rewards as internal to the self or external in the environment

  • control own destiny: internal locus
  • outcomes are random: external locus
60
Q

Sensation seeking (zuckerman)

A
  • correlated with extraversion
  • compulsion component
  • dopamine might be involved
61
Q

Self concept

A

A persons explicit knowledge of his or her own behaviors, traits and other personal characteristics

  • develops from social experiences
  • profound effect on persons behavior
  • autobiographical memory
  • self-narrative
  • self schemas
  • self relevance
62
Q

Self verification

A

Tendency to seek evidence that confirms self concept

-it’s uncomfortable when people see us differently than we see purselves

63
Q

Causes and effects of self concept

A
  • interacting with others
  • ie young children interacting with parents
  • over time we become less impressed with what others have to say about us
  • main idea: promote consistency in behavior
  • self verification
64
Q

Self esteem

A

Extent to which the individual likes/accepts the self

-rosenberg self esteem scale

65
Q

Self-serving bias

A

People taking credit for their success but downplay responsibility for their failures

66
Q

Narcissism

A

Grandiose view of the self combined with tendency to seek admiration and exploit others

67
Q

Name-letter effect

A

People’s favorite letter tends to be the first letter of their name
-bias is called implicit egotism

68
Q

Examples of traits

A
  • self efficacy-effective in our own environment
  • optimism/pessimism-glass full/empty
  • type A (organized, motivated); type B (laid back, relaxed)
  • neuroticism
  • hardiness-strong rebound
  • shyness
  • narcissism
  • stress-reactiity
69
Q

Filtering personality traits

A

External stress–>filter stress through personality

  • some traits are health promoting, others are health inhibiting
  • reaction depends on personality

Psychology 4 (7 decks)

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