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Psychology 1A > Personality > Flashcards

Personality Flashcards

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1
Q

Anna O

A

the first talking patient

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2
Q

Hysteria and Freud

A

Hysteria: Early psychoanalytic theory - early psychoanalysts often based their theories off of highly unstable individuals
1. Source of problem stems from the unconscious
2. The mind is a place of conflict (victorian control context)
3. Emphasis on childhood experiences
4. Emphasis on sexuality

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3
Q

The Topographic Model

A

popularised by Freud

Conscious (above surface) - thoughts and perceptions
Preconscious (slightly below surface) - memories and stored knowledge
Unconscious (deep below surface) - unacceptable sexual desire, violent motive, fears

Desires to make ends form, or to desire things to be less objectionable through:

Freudian Slip: unintentional error regarded as revealing unconscious feelings

Dreams: manifest and latent content
- thinking and doing

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4
Q

The Structural Model

A

Id - desire to do anything
- pleasure principle
- immediate gratification
- operates by “primary process”: libido and death

Ego - manages Id and Super-Ego
- reality principle
- defense mechanisms
- “secondary process”

Super-Ego - voice of conscious
- socialisation
- internalised standards and values
- conscience & guilt

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5
Q

The Genetic (or Developmental) Model

A

“psychosexual stages”
- sexuality centred on mouth, anus, genitals
fixation: staying in one stage too long

0-2- Oral, 2-4- Anal, 4-5- Phallic, 6-puberty- Latency, puberty-onward- Genital.

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6
Q

Limitations of Psychoanalytic Theory

A

topographic, structural and genetic models are based on soft evidence

  1. Data are not publicly available
  2. Objectivity is compromised
  3. Interpersonal expectancies
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7
Q

Data Supports

A

unconscious mental processes can influence behaviour, conflict between unconscious and conscious processes

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8
Q

Core Freudian ideas

A
  • Early development is important
  • Deeply rooted motives
  • Body as source of pleasure and shame
  • Personal conflicts
  • Self-mystery
  • Importance of the unconscious
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9
Q

Behaviourist Approach to Personality

A

personality is observable and measurable
- Behaviourist movement as reaction against psychology’s focus on unmeasurable phenomena, such as freud’s unconscious
- “Look into your own way of thinking to know yourself”, flawed in its extent

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10
Q

Radical Behaviourism

A

the contents of the organism are not important in explaining behaviour, the environment completely shapes the person, a personality is the sum of all their experiences (tabula rasa)

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11
Q

Moderate Behaviourism

A

the contents of the organism are important in explaining behaviour. They use terms describing activities inside the organism, such as habits, motives, drive, expectancies, thoughts
- much more consistent with modern psychology

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12
Q

Three Elements of Radical Behaviourism

A
  1. Stimulus
  2. Response
  3. Reinforcement/Punishment
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13
Q

Stimulus-response Contingencies or Classical Conditioning (Radical Behaviourism)

  • Extinction
  • Systematic Desensitisation
  • Aversion Therapy
A

unconditioned stimulus –> unconditioned response

conditioned stimulus –> conditioned response

Extinction - more time with the conditioned stimulus in a safe environment will re-teach the conditioning

Systematic Desensitisation - If there is fear from thinking of the dog then the relaxation response alongside fear will lower the fear of the conditioned stimulus

Aversion Therapy - pairing stimulus with aversive stimuli that remove associations with that stimulus, nauseating substances on cigarettes creates nausea therefore cigarettes will be seen as creating nausea

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14
Q

Reinforcement-contingencies or Operant/Instrumental Conditioning (Radical Behaviourism)

A

rewards and punishments

Reinforcement: increasing probability of behaviour after change to a stimulus

Punishment: decreasing the probability of a behaviour after change to a stimulus

Positive reinforcement: increasing the frequency of a behaviour by presenting an appetitive stimulus

Negative reinforcement: increasing the frequency of a behaviour by removing an aversive stimulus

Positive punishment: decreasing the frequency by adding an aversive stimuli

Negative punishment: decreasing the frequency by adding an appetitive stimuli

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15
Q

Variable Ratio Reinforcement (Reinforcement-contingencies)

A

a partial schedule of reinforcement in which a response is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses. E.g. social media or gambling, highly potent surrounding addiction

Variable Ratio – Fixed Ratio – Fixed interval – Variable Interval (alters addiction to the unpredictability of the variability)

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16
Q

Humanistic Theories

A
  • Carl Rogers Theory
  • Abraham Maslow’s Theory

focuses on phenomenology - subjected experiences are unique to everyone, understanding an acceptance of differing views on the world

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17
Q

Rogers Theory of Personality

A

people want to behave in ways that are consistent with our real self and our ideal self.

incongruence = neurosis

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18
Q

The Fully Functioning Person - Rogers Theory of Personality

A
  1. Openness to Experience
  • Expanded consciousness
  • Able to tolerate ambiguity, not black and white
  1. Existential Living
    - “Flow”, “flow state”, happiness: taking personal responsibility for finding meaning and enjoyment in our ongoing experiences
    - Loses self-consciousness, loses a sense of time, achieves a sense of personal control, concentrate only on the task at hand
  2. Organismic Trusting
    - Allowing ourselves to be guided by things that are good as opposed to bad

4.. Experiential Freedom
- We feel free when we have choices

  1. Creativity

highly unmeasurable

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19
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A
  1. physiological needs, 2. safety and security, 3. love and belonging, 4. self-esteem, 5. self-actualisation

unscientific and highly subjective on how it is determined to people

20
Q
  1. Physiological Needs (Maslow)
A
  • Food, water etc
  • Prepotent needs, met right away
  • Function of civilisation is to satisfy needs to focus on higher ones
21
Q
  1. Safety and Security (Maslow)
A
  • required in some mental disorders e.g. OCD, Anxiety disorders
  • Security, order, health, employment
22
Q
  1. Love and Belonging (Maslow)
A
  • Affiliation, friends, group identification, intimate relationships,
  • Often not satisfied even in affluent countries
  • Unfulfilled at the root of many mental disturbances
  • Need to receive and give love
23
Q

Self-Esteem (Maslow)

A
  • High regard by self and others
  • Mastery, achievement, adequacy
  • Met by the deserved respect of others
24
Q
  1. Self-Actualisation (Maslow)
A
  • Estimated 10% satisfies, not objective judgement
  • Must actualise what exists inside them as potential
  • Other theorists wouldn’t see this as a need
  • Truth, goodness, beauty, unity, aliveness, uniqueness, perfection etc
25
Q

Exceptions to the Hierarchy

A

Esteem over love
- Person who ignores and ruins relationships in order to achieve

No Striving after needs are met
- Psychopath who seem not to desire love

lack love, needs met
- Artists who have produced their greatest works in times of dire safety, belongingness, and physical need
- Martyrs - People who sacrifice their safety and lives for a value or ideal

26
Q

Self-Determination Theory

A

proposes three universal needs that people are motivated to achieve
- autonomy
- relatedness
- competence

27
Q

Criticisms of Self-Determination Theory

A
  • Free will versus determinism
  • Poorly defined concepts
  • Some unscientific methods - selected self-actualised people based on intuition
  • Humanistic therapy may not work for severe mental disorders, e.g psychopathy
28
Q

4 Body Humours

A
  • Sanguine (Blood)
  • Choleric (Yellow Bile)
  • Melancholic (Black Bile)
  • Phlegmatic (Phlegm)
29
Q

Phrenology

A

Bumps and indentations in the skull/head determine characteristics

30
Q

Sheldon’s Body Types (1940)

A
  • endomorphy
  • mesomorphy
  • ectomorphy

highly invalid

31
Q

The Big Five Supertraits

A

openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticisms

32
Q

Characteristics of the Big 5

A

openness to experience - imagination, emotionality, artistic interests, adventurousness, intellect

conscientiousness - self-efficacy, orderliness, dutifulness, self-discipline

extraversion - friendliness, assertiveness, activity level, cheerfulness

agreeableness - trust, cooperation, altruism, sympathy, modest, moralism

neuroticism - anxiety, anger, depression, self-consciousness

33
Q

Criticisms of the Big 5

A
  • “the big five, plus or minus two”
  • five super traits or single traits best for prediction
34
Q

Allele 334

A
  • men who carry one or two extra copies of allele 334 behave differently in relationships
  • bonding scores were negatively correlated with allele 334
  • experiences of marital crisis or threat of divorce was higher in people with one or two 334 alleles
  • 0 or 1 allele were more likely to be married
35
Q

Gene and Environment Interactionism

A
  • genes –> life path (modified by environmental encounters)

gene-environment model

36
Q

MAOA the Aggressive Gene

A

relationship between MAOA and aggressive behaviour is strongest for those who had experienced childhood abuse

37
Q

Twin Study Methodology

A
  • helps answer the question of nature vs nurture
  • as identical twins share the same genetic makeup, it is possible to assume that differences between them are due to environmental factors
  • Identical (monozygotic) vs fraternal (dizygotic)
  • Heritability estimate, % of variance due to genetics

Correlation between twins → difference multiplied by 2 → heritability

38
Q

Correlation of Twins to Supertraits

A

The five supertraits are also correlated genetically as identical twins had a 99% DNA match, whereas fraternal twins had a 50% DNA match (representative of siblings), accounting for the possibilities of environmental factors

39
Q

Social Darwinism (Public Policy Implications)

A

Survival of the fittest is representative of cultures and groups
- Misinterpreted as the weak should not survive
- Galton wants to control the selection of cultures and groups genetically, saying anti semitic and racist statements to sterilise groups for racial quality

Societies/cultures compete for survival
- Preservation and purification of the gene pool of the “elite” (eugenics)
- Immigration laws limited to northern and western Europe
- Biassed testing, intelligence etc

Eugenics
- Encourage reproduction among genetically “advantaged”
- Lower reproduction among genetically “disadvantaged” (sterilisation, abortions)
- Ethnic or religious cleansing
- The bell curve etc

40
Q

Set Like Plaster Hypothesis

A

personality fixed by 30

in identical studies
- personality traits stopped changing in young adulthood
- personality traits were changeable even in old age

41
Q

Does Personality Change Across Lifespan

A
  1. Environment channels our personality
    - Fewer changes after 30 than before 30
  2. People select environments based on their personality
    - Extraverts structure their lives around opportunities to socialise
    - Conscientious people seek demanding careers
    - Dominant people are put in leadership positions
  3. Self perceptions of personality become crystalised with age
    - “Executive personality” fixed sense of how you should live
  4. Genes
    - 80% of consistency in personality was due to genes
  5. Some traits might increase consistency
    - Low openness
    - High conscientiousness
42
Q

Interactionist Perspectives

A
  • People choose their social environments to match their personality
  • May lead to personality stability
  • Trait ←→ situations
43
Q

Culture as Environmental Influence

A

Robert Levine’s research
- Fast paced versus slow placed nations
- Observed how fast locals walked in 31 nations
- Recorded accuracy of clocks at banks
- Observed how long it took to buy a stamp at a post office
- Fastest countries were switzerland, ireland, germany, japan and italy
- Slowest countries were syria, el salvador, brazil, indonesia, mexico
- Fast countries have colder climates, higher GDP, more smokers, and death from heart diseases

44
Q

Brunswik’s Lens Model

A

determines objective behaviour after they are perceived through social actors to emotions and cognitions

observer accuracy is determined by what an occupant really does and how they are perceived to do

observer accuracy is determined by understanding the Underlying Construct and Observer Judgement

  • through the “lens” with 4 different cues
45
Q

Types of Physical Information

A

Behavioural Residue
- remnants of behaviours induced by personality
- E.G. conscientiousness –> organise belongings –> clean workspace (residue)

Identity Claims
- remind us and others of who we are
- E.G. extraversion –> liking people –> photos of self with friends

46
Q

Factors of Rogers Theory of Personality

A
  1. Actualising tendency
    - motivation to develop potential to the fullest extent possible
  2. Organismic valuing process
    - Subconscious attraction to growth and aversion from growth-inhibiting experiences
  3. Positive regard
    - Experiencing love, affection, attention, nurturance, etc
  4. Positive self-regard
    - Self-esteem, self-worth, a positive self-image
    - Achieved through parental unconditional positive regard, hippyish ideology
  5. Conditional Positive Regard

Psychology 1A (8 decks)

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