Cultural

Question 1

Cultural Responsiveness

Answer 1

the capacity to “apply knowledge and skills of psychology in a manner that is reflexive, culturally appropriate and sensitive to the diversity of individuals”

Question 2

Culture - Dynamic & Fluid

Answer 2

• filter through which reality is viewed
• learned consciously and unconsciously
• developed and reinforced through rituals, history, cuisine, religion, clothing, government structures laws, family structure, formal education
• set of shared values, beliefs, attitudes and behaviours transmitted across generations

Question 3

Cultural Blindness

Answer 3

difficulty to imagine life outside of environment

Question 4

Individualism

Answer 4

emphasis on autonomy of the individual
- typically “western”

Question 5

Collectivism

Answer 5

emphasis on interrelatedness of all members of society and their collective endeavours
- typically “eastern”

Question 6

Dimensions of Culture (Hofstede)

Answer 6

• individualism/collectivism
• power/distance - how much people are prepared to bare differences in wealth and power questioning authority
• uncertainty/avoidance - ways in which people are tolerant with
  the unknown
• masculinity/femininity
• long-term/short-term orientation

variables - personal identity, major goals, criteria for self-esteem, sources of success and failure, frame of reference

Question 7

Quantity VS Quality of Life

Answer 7

extent to which common characteristics of the stereotype of males as providers, consumption relating to masculinity and femininity

Question 8

pragmatism/time orientation

Answer 8

extent to which a cultural group values a short-term vs long-term view of the future

Question 9

Limitations of Hofstede’s Ideas

Answer 9

self-report - cultural aspects outside of awareness
assumes culture is static
too broad - lacks predictive power participants not representative of national population

Question 10

Loose and Tight Culture

Answer 10

weak or strong social norms and low or high tolerance of deviant behaviour

Question 11

Enculturation

Answer 11

• process of learning and understanding the values and norms of the culture you live in
• process is conscious and unconscious
• cultural socialisation

Question 12

Models of Ethnic Identity (Phinney)

Answer 12

1. Unexamined - not given much thought to their ethnic identity, may identify with dominant culture
2. Exploration - actively engages in learning about their ethnicity, resulting in deeper understanding
3. Achievement - commitment to ethnic identity

Question 13

Models of Ethnic Identity (Helm)

Answer 13

1. Contact
2. Disintegration
3. Reintegration
4. Pseudo-independence
5. Immersion and Emersion
6. Autonomy - racial humanism

• lacks developed evidence

Question 14

Measures of Cross-Cultural Psychology

Answer 14

1. Absolutism - assumptions that all psychological phenomena are the same in all cultures
2. Universalism - culture affects the display of constructs, but inherent processes are the same, understanding culture through comparison
3. Relativism - some behaviour can only be understood within cultural context, cannot compare cultural groups

Question 15

Culture Shock

Answer 15

clash between the familiarity and a new country’s norms

Question 16

Acculturation

Answer 16

assimilation to culture, typically dominant one

Question 17

Stages of Culture Shock

Answer 17

1. Honeymoon - initial euphoria and excitement
2. Disenchantment - disillusionment and even hostility toward new culture as values and habits conflict with local attitudes and beliefs
3. Beginning resolution - understanding grows of new culture; increase adaptability
4. Effective functioning - adjustment as individual learns how to fit into the new cultural environment