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Psychology 1A > Motivation > Flashcards

Motivation Flashcards

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1
Q

Motivation Direction

A

Approach Motivation: the impulse to move toward a stimulus
Avoidance Motivation: the impulse to move away from a stimulus

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2
Q

Motivation Intensity

A

0 to high level, a measure of the strength of the urge

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3
Q

Partially Voluntary Motivation

A
  • Often possess 2 or more conflicting motivations
  • Self-control: may require choosing long-term goal over short-term goals
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4
Q

Evolutionary Approach to Motivation

A

Charles Darwin
Instincts: unlearned responses to stimuli that are universal throughout a species
Adaptive: assumes that organisms are motivated to engage in behaviours that help them to pass on their genes (reproductive success)
Humans possess a high degree of flexibility of behaviour

Spandrels - incidental by-product that became functional adaptation

Exaptation - feature that now enhances fitness for one function that was originally adapted for different function

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5
Q

Thorndike Animal Intelligence (1911)

A
  • animal behaviour is affected by its consequences
  • law of effect - if there is negative consequence it will inhibit its behaviour
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6
Q

William James, Principles of Psychology (1890)

A
  • instinct is a complex unlearned response to characteristic stimulus
  • reflex –> instinct –> learning
  • should not come about as a result of learning
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7
Q

Problems with Instinct Concept

A
  • descriptive not explanatory
  • hard to discern whether behaviour is due to instinct or something else
  • vague, arbitrary
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8
Q

Ethology
- action specific energy
- key stimuli
- innate releasing mechanism
- fixed action pattern

A

study of behaviour in natural settings

action specific energy - in the perceiving animal

key stimuli - thing happening in environment

innate releasing mechanism - brain mechanism that detects key stimulus

fixed action pattern - instinctive behavioural sequence

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9
Q

Preparedness Theory

A

innate biological tendency to respond quickly to stimuli that pose a threat to survival of ancestors

  • phobias
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10
Q

Behaviourist or Drive Reduction Theory

A
  • biological need: deprivation that energises a drive to eliminate deprivation
  • drive: internal tension state that occurs because of a need

motivated to satisfy drive
- goal-directed action

homeostasis: body’s tendency to maintain a steady state or equilibrium

homeostasis –> imbalance –> need –> drive –> motivation to act –> homeostasis

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11
Q

Negatives of Drive Reduction Theory

A

not all motivation is due to deprivation and lots of motivations due to the amount of drives

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12
Q

Neo-Behaviourist Theory

A

BIS, FFFS, BAS

  • first proposed in 1970
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13
Q

BIS

A

Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS)
- seeks to resolve conflict between motivational impulses
- associated with rumination, risk assessment and anxiety

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14
Q

FFFS

A

Fight-Flight-Freeze System (FFFS)
- want to get away
- sensitive to aversive stimuli
- associated with defensive avoidance and escape

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15
Q

BAS

A

behavioural approach system (BAS)
- want to move forward
- to satisfy body needs
- associated with approach and anticipatory pleasure motivation

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16
Q

Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory

A

or Neo-Behaviourist Theory

  • work together to regulate behaviour
  • situations can influence the relative activation of each system
  • everyone has them
  • individuals may differ in the strength of each system
17
Q

Functions of Emotion

A
  • arousal - responses to things
  • directing attention to something potentially biologically important
  • Influence learning and memory
  • motivate behaviour - environmental cues predict dangerous events
  • Communication
18
Q

Psychosocial Motives

A
  • largely unconscious
  • need - recurrent concern for goal state
  • needs direct and energise
  • Henry Murray

need for achievement, power, affiliation

19
Q

Need for Achievement

A
  • Doing something better for its own sake, intrinsic satisfaction of doing something better

Achievement Imagery
- Thoughts about performing some task well

  • sometimes these are blocked,
  • different ways of feeling joy or sadness depending on the achievement after efforts are made
20
Q

Need for Power

A
  • Having an impact on others through strong forceful actions
  • Controlling, influencing, helping or impressing others
  • Relating to effective leaders
21
Q

Need for Affiliation

A
  • Concern with establishing, maintaining or restoring friendly relations
  • Positive feelings abouts groups or people
  • Relating to teamwork and good friends and romantic partners
22
Q

Measurement of Needs

A

Self Report
- needs cannot be measured by self-report
- Do not correlate with TAT
- reflect values and conscious motives
- predict effort and success when individuals are told to do well

TAT (test)
- TAT predicts long-term behavioural trends

23
Q

Atkinson’s Risk Taking Model of Achievement

A

Found that individuals who scored high on need for achievement were very invested in a moderate ability of success (50%)

  • Mirror image for people who feared failure
  • Attribute failure to the task taken, 50% is most diagnostic of the individual’s ability, whereby they don’t want to rely on their own decision making
24
Q

Three Basic Organismic Needs

A
  1. Competence
    - self-efficacy mastery, achievement
  2. Relatedness
    - need for warm relations, need to belong, pain due to ostracism
  3. Autonomy
    - need for independence and self-reliance
25
Q

intrinsic motivation

A

internal reward

26
Q

extrinsic motivation

A

external reward

27
Q

self-regulation

A

the process by which an organism controls behaviour in order to pursue other objectives
- required in conflict between motivations, involvement of conscious goals

28
Q

Delay of Gratification

A
  • Putting off pleasurable experience for a future payoff
  • Difficult because immediate rewards tend to be more valued than delayed rewards

The Marshmallow Test

  • delayed gratification of having a marshmallow placed alongside other distractions
  • External distraction - other interesting objects
  • Imagery - enjoy cool characteristics of reward
  • Internal distraction
  • Reducing motivation - placing reward out of sight
29
Q

Sexual Motivation in Evolutionary Perspective

A

behaviours shaped by natural selection, increase reproductive output

30
Q

Sex Drive in Men and Women

A

male - stronger, more specific

female - more changeable and more concealed

31
Q

Restriction of Sexual Behaviour

A
  • rules regarding sexuality
  • intense moral reactions to sexual behaviour that violates their values

Psychology 1A (8 decks)

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