Health

Question 1

Health Belief Model

Answer 1

predicts the likelihood an individual may partake in a health behaviour

perceived susceptibility and perceived seriousness –> perceived threat –> likelihood of action

perceived benefits and perceived barriers –> outcome expectations –> likelihood of action

Question 2

perceived threat

Answer 2

the extent of danger associated with the task

Question 3

perceived seriousness

Answer 3

how bad will it be for them, the extent of risk

Question 4

perceived susceptibility

Answer 4

the likelihood of it occurring

Question 5

perceived benefits

Answer 5

how good will this be

Question 6

Theory of Planned Behaviour

Answer 6

intention required to carry out the behaviour

attitude toward behaviour, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control –> behavioural intention –> actual behaviour

• can go from perceived behavioural control straight to actual behaviour

Question 7

Implementation Intention

Answer 7

developing a specific plan that can be translated into something actionable

Question 8

Obesity

Answer 8

measurements of BMI is not consistent with overall health and fitness, muscles weigh more than fat

this means health behaviour is important as it defines physical health more accurately

Question 9

Stress Response

Answer 9

amygdala sends alert to hypothalamus
- endocrine system creates adrenaline and cortisol
- sends to cardiovascular system, musculoskeletal system, respiratory system, digestive system and immune system

Question 10

Stress and Hormones

Answer 10

During stress the endocrine system restricts the release of hormones to other systems. Instead, it attributes hormones to the stress area, possibly creating an imbalance in hormones during chronic periods

Question 11

Stress and reaction of other Systems

Answer 11

can negatively effect the musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive and immune systems

Question 12

Stress Causing Illness

Answer 12

Stress –> health behaviours –> illness

Stress –> physiological activation –> illness

Question 13

Acute Stress

Answer 13

short-term, clear beginning and end

Question 14

Chronic Stress

Answer 14

long-term, prolonged, no clear end

Question 15

Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome (Stages)

Answer 15

Stage One: Alarm - fight or flight, sympathetic nervous system, stress hormones

Stage Two: Resistance - body tries to counteract physiological changes from stage one, reinvigorate homeostasis, parasympathetic nervous system

Stage Three: Exhaustion - energy depletion, body no longer able to fight stress, unable to cope, damage to organ or immune system

Question 16

Extent of Stress

Answer 16

major life stressor VS daily hassle

Question 17

Measurement of the Perception of Stress

Answer 17

often distinguish the interpretation of a consensus “stressful event”, as the understanding of stress is majorly subjective or dependent on the individual undergoing the experience

Question 18

negative affect

Answer 18

experience of negative emotions and poor self-concept, personality variable

Question 19

Type A Behaviour Pattern

Answer 19

• Competitive
• Time urgent or impatient
• Hostile and aggressive

Question 20

Type B Behaviour Pattern

Answer 20

• Relaxed
• Calm - one thing at a time
• Express feelings

Question 21

Coping

Answer 21

attempts to eliminate stressor or minimise its impact

Question 22

Transactional Model of Stress and Coping

Answer 22

Environment → Perception filter (selection of whether it is a stressor or not)

primary appraisal (interpretation of the stressors)
secondary appraisal (analysis of the available resources)

→ stress → coping (overcoming of the stress)

• emotion-focused (change relation to situation)
• problem-focused (change situation)
• reappraisal (pacing and learning of activity)

Question 23

Problem-focussed coping

Answer 23

• deal directly with the source of threat
• most effective when it is controllable, not always possible

Question 24

Emotion-focussed coping

Answer 24

• Managing emotional reaction to threat or illness
• Used when it is perceived that they can’t directly reduce/avoid threat
• Avoidance, distancing, positive reframing etc
• Lack long-term benefits

Question 25

Improving Problems of High Anxiety

Answer 25

Stress management techniques, breathing techniques, biofeedback, guided imagery, progressive muscle relaxation

Question 26

Improving Situations of a Lack of Control

Answer 26

• Greater reported anxiety in breast cancer patients that had no choice over their form of treatment
• Less anxious people may have been more likely to have greater health behaviours and actions going to hospital situations for safety

Question 27

Improving Situations of Inhibited Emotions

Answer 27

Expressive writing and illness in chronic asthma and rheumatoid arthritis patients
- Improved ability in expiratory volume and lower disease activity after 4 month follow-up