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Introduction to Psychology > Personality > Flashcards

Personality Flashcards

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1
Q

What is personality?

A

characteristics that make a person unique and are consistent in an individual

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2
Q

What are Idiographic approaches to assess personality?

A

Approach focusing on individual differences

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3
Q

What are Nomothetic approaches to assess personality?

A

what people have in common with one another

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4
Q

What is The Rorschach Inkblot test?

A

Test where people are shown an inkblot and you can tell people’s personality based on their reaction

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5
Q

What is The thematic Apperception Test?

A

a type of projective test that involves describing ambiguous scenes to learn more about a person’s emotions, motivations, and personality

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6
Q

In Freud’s psychodynamic theory, what is in the upper brain?

A

Ego, superego, defence mechanism

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7
Q

In Freud’s psychodynamic theory, what is in the lower brain?

A

Id

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8
Q

What is the job of the ego from the psychodynamic theory?

A

satisfies the id’s desires in realistic and appropriate ways

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9
Q

What is the job of the superego from the psychodynamic theory?

A

provides moral compus through which the ego operates

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10
Q

What is the job of the id from the psychodynamic theory?

A

innate part of ourselves that functions to pleasure principle and self-satisfaction

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11
Q

What is the job of the defence mechanism from the psychodynamic theory?

A

resources by the ego (unconscious) mind uses to protect itself from unwanted reality

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12
Q

What is repression?

A

subconsciously blocking out unwanted ideas

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13
Q

What are reaction formations?

A

people express the opposite of what they are feeling sometimes in exaggeration

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14
Q

What is Projecting?

A

projecting your feelings onto others

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15
Q

What is Sublimation?

A

flipping negative thoughts into positive ones

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16
Q

What is denial?

A

deflected the reality of a situation

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17
Q

What is Rationalization?

A

when people rationalize unwanted situations

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18
Q

What is Displacement?

A

displacing one’s emotional burden onto other people

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19
Q

What was Carl Jung’s view of Personality?

A

Carl Jung took Freud’s idea of the unconscious and created the idea of the collective unconscious (cortina innate human characteristics are common to all of humankind)

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20
Q

What was Karen Horneys view of personality?

A

inspired by Freud, a feminist, flipped his sexist theories, emphasized that cultural and social characteristics influence our personality

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21
Q

What is the humanistic approach?

A

People seek personal growth to fulfill their human potential

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22
Q

What is self actualization?

A

full realization of personal creativity, intelligence and social potential

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23
Q

Which psychologist was a humanist?

A

Maslow

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24
Q

What is unconditional positive regard?

A

thinking about someone with unconditional positive regard or empathy

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25
Q

What was Carl Rogers’ idea of self concept?

A

the overarching idea of who we are in terms of any aspect that makes up who we are

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26
Q

What is Congruent self concept?

A

When who we are aligns with reality

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27
Q

What is Incongruent self concept?

A

When who you are does not align with reality?

28
Q

What is the self?

A

Totality of the of an individual

29
Q

What is self-concept?

A

personal knowledge of who we are

30
Q

What is self construal?

A

individuals describe themselves as independent or interdependent to others

31
Q

What is Self construal independent of others?

A

describing oneself not depending on others and describe their own unique characteristics

32
Q

What is Self construal interdependence?

A

thinking of oneself in relation to other people

33
Q

What type of self construals do people on western culture have?

A

People in Western cultures tend to have independent self construals

34
Q

What type of self construct do people in non western cultures tend to have?

A

Non-western cultures have more interdependent self-construals

35
Q

What is a projective measure to interpret personality?

A

shown ambiguous images and asked to interpret them to test personality based on their responses

36
Q

What are objective measures?

A

self-report (making notes about oneself) informant rating (someone who knows you well to fill personality report)

37
Q

What did Albert Bandura do to test the social learning theory?

A

studied children in order to understand how they learn from others

38
Q

How are personal factor cognitions affecting our personality?

A

influences how a person behaves

39
Q

What is the concept of behaviour factors affecting our personality?

A

our behaviour changes from situation to situation

40
Q

What is the concept of environmental factors affecting our personality?

A

upbringing, culture, geographic location, and life experiences

41
Q

What is reciprocal determinism?

A

Ideas saying that cognition, environment and behaviour are all determinants of one another

42
Q

What is performance experience?

A

experience: doing well in the past leads to higher self-efficacy

43
Q

What is Self-efficacy?

A

an individual’s belief in his or her capacity to execute behaviours necessary to produce specific results

44
Q

What is Vicarious experience?

A

observing other people successfully completing a task

45
Q

What is Social persuasion?

A

when something influences another person’s behaviour or attitudes

46
Q

What is Imaginal experience?

A

a person’s use of their imagination to envision his or her success at a task

47
Q

What is the Experience of physical and emotional states affecting personality?

A

these feelings take our attention and guide our behaviour

48
Q

What is the locus of control?

A

the extent to which you feel in control of the events that influence your life

49
Q

Who created the locus of control? When was it created

A

Developed by Julian Rotter in 1950s to 1960s

50
Q

What is Internal locus of control?

A

when you have personal control over your own behaviour

51
Q

What is External locus of control?

A

when other systems outside of yourself are controlling your behaviour

52
Q

Do people have entirely internal and external locus of control

A

Nobody has entirely internal and external locus of control

53
Q

What is self regulation?

A

when people regulate their own behaviour to attain goals, reducing the frequency of impulses

54
Q

What is self control?

A

inhibiting impulses and emotions

55
Q

What is The Marshmallow Test?

A

an experimental design that measures a child’s ability to delay gratification

56
Q

What are strategies to delay gratification:

A

Turning “hot” cognitions into “cold” cognitions or reframing; ignoring gratification, finding a distraction

57
Q

Who were if-then statements created by? When we’re they created?

A

Created by Mischel & Shoda, 1995

58
Q

What is the idea of if then statements?

A

People behave particularly in specific environments

59
Q

What is a personality trait?

A

Consistent pattern of thoughts, feelings and actions that distinguish one person from another

60
Q

What is a personality type?

A

the psychological classification of different types of individuals like introversion or extroversion, particular configuration of traits

61
Q

What is factor analysis?

A

a technique that is used to reduce a large number of variables into fewer numbers of factors

62
Q

Who created the big 5 theory? When was it created?

A

McCrae & Costa, 1985

63
Q

What is the big 5 theory?

A

There are five main personality traits that can be remembered using the acrynom OCEAN

64
Q

What are the five main traits?

A

O: opening to experience
C:conscientiousness: efficient and organized
E: extraversion: social butterfly
A: agreeableness: compassionate
N: neuroticism: sensitive or nervous

65
Q

What are the four personality types?

A

Averages
Self-centred
Reserved
Role model

66
Q

What was a problem with Nuer Briggs theory

A

that most people do not fall under extremes. Most people fall in the middle when focused on ocean factors

Introduction to Psychology (8 decks)

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