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Introduction to Psychology > Development > Flashcards

Development Flashcards

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1
Q

What does developmental psychology focus on?

A

Psysiological, cognitive and social and that occur across the lifespan

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2
Q

What are reflexes in a baby?

A

Grasping, rooting, sucking

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3
Q

Faces are special meaning?

A

Both behaviour and neural imaging studies provide evidence that face recognition early early in infancy (eg newborns prefer their mothers face over unfamiliar faces)

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4
Q

What are big questions in developmental psychology?

A

Nature vs nuture, how do these influences interact across the lifespan

Universal or ecological, considering social or cultural influences on development

Continuous or discontinuous

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5
Q

What age is a sensitive period in development?

A

3 year old children

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6
Q

What are windows of plasticity?

A

Birth, sensory, motor/language, higher cognition

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7
Q

What are common research techniques of knowing what infants know?

A

Preferential looking technique

Habitual/orientation réflex

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8
Q

What are two methods of accessing changes across time?

A

Longitudinal designs and cross sectional designs

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9
Q

What are longitudinal designs?

A

Data from the same groups of individuals collects over intervals across a long period of time

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10
Q

What are cross sectional designs?

A

Data is obtained simultaneously from participates of different ages in order to make age related comparisons

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11
Q

Baby synapse video

A

Baby can recognize different types of lemurs but her older sister can’t

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12
Q

When does synapse formation occur? When is it highest?

A

Between 36 weeks and 2 years

Highest at 6 months

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13
Q

When does synapse pruning occur

A

Between 4 and 6 years

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14
Q

Where does the second period of overproduction occur

A

In the prefrontal cortex

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15
Q

When stage does overproduction occur before

A

Adolescentes

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16
Q

What happens after the second phase of overproductions

A

Ten years of pruning

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17
Q

How did bowlby describe the attachment theory

A

Strong emotional connection that persist overtime and across circumstances

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18
Q

What are benefits of the adaptive theory?

A

Adaptive-encourages proximity between mother and caregiver

Oxytocin

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19
Q

What did the results explain in Harry Harlows attachment in Rhesus monkeys?

A

Results contradicted behaviourist perspective and widespread societal implications

Research raised a lot of ethical questions

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20
Q

Mary Ainsworth’s “Strange Situaition” test outcome on secure attachment

A

Sixty five percent of children

Upset when caregiver leaves , easily comforted by their return

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21
Q

Mary Ainsworth’s “Strange Situaition” test outcome on insecure resistant

A

Clings to caregiver, get upset, both wants and resist comfort

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22
Q

Mary Ainsworth’s “Strange Situaition” test outcome on secure attachment insecure avoidant

A

Little distress when caregiver leaves, avoids caregiver upon their return

23
Q

What are factors affecting infant caregiver attachment?
STEC

A

Caregiver sensitivity

Infant temperament

Environmental factors

Cultural factors

24
Q

What are the two key dimensions of parental styles

A

High behavioural regulation

Low behavioural regulation

25
Q

What are the factors of high behavioural regulation?

A

High parental support
Authoritative

Low parental support: authoritarian

26
Q

What are the factors of low behavioural regulation?

A

High parental support: indulgent

Low parental support: uninvolved

27
Q

What did Eric Erickson state about the psychosocial model?

A

Every stage of identity features a developmental challenge that must be confronted in order to progress

28
Q

What is Eric psychosocial model

A

First lifespan theory of development

29
Q

What are examples of every stage featuring a developmental challenge?

A

Trust, and mistrust, is the world a safe place?

Identity versus role, who am I?

Intimacy versus isolation, What type of partner do I want

30
Q

How important are close relationships, Harvard Grants and Glueck studies ecuadores every 2 years for 75 years outcome

A

Good relationships keep us happier and healthier. Period

31
Q

What did Piaget believe about cognitive development?

A

During each stage of development, children develop new schemas, ways of perceiving organizing and thinking about how the world works

32
Q

What are the two learning process??

A

Assimilation and accommodation

33
Q

How did Piaget define Equilibration?

A

An active self regulatory process in which the child progresses through the stages of development

Match between cognitive structures and reality

34
Q

When do we experience disequilibrium? What happens after this?

A

When our schemas are no longer efficient

We become motivated to develop new complex schemas

35
Q

Which years does the sensorimotor stage occur?

A

Years 0-2

36
Q

What happens trying to sensorimotor stage

A

Acquired information through the senses

Forming representations of all kinds actions that can be performed on certain objects

37
Q

What is object permanence in the sensorimotor stage?

A

Things continue to exist even when you can no longer sense them

38
Q

The sensorimotor stage in a nutshell

A

Moves from reaction to action

39
Q

Primary circular reactions

A

the infants repeating of interesting or enjoyable actions on his or her own body, sucking on the thumb or finding the feet

40
Q

Secondary circular reactions

A

babies repeat pleasurable actions that involve objects as well as actions involving their own bodies

41
Q

Tertiary circular reactions

A

involve the deliberate variation of actions to bring desirable consequences

42
Q

What age does the preoperational stage occurs?

A

Two to six year

43
Q

What happens during the preoperational stage?

A

You begin to think symbolically, but not logically

44
Q

Describe the false belief or Sally-Anne task

A

-Is easily mastered by older children

-Involves two characters name, Sally and Anne

-Used by developmental psychologist as a measure of theory of mind capacity

-Is a measure of a high level of cognitive empathy

45
Q

Ages does the concrete operational stage of occur?

A

6 to 11 years old

46
Q

What happens during the concrete operational stage?

A

Development of more logical thinking; reality is limited to concrete objects

47
Q

Age does the formal operational stage occur?

A

12 and over

48
Q

What happens during the formal operational stage?

A

Able to think, and reason abstractly

Deductive reasoning, and problem-solving

49
Q

What was Vygotsky’s theory of cognitive development

A

Placed more emphasis on social cultural factors

50
Q

How did Vygotsky’s describe the zone of proximal development

A

Range of task that a child can perform with the help and guidance of others but can not yet be performed independently

51
Q
A
52
Q
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53
Q
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54
Q
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Introduction to Psychology (8 decks)

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