Learning Flashcards
Learning
Relatively lasting change in behaviour from experience
What did behaviourists believe psychologists should focus on?
In the study of observable behaviour
emphasis on nurture
What did John Watson believe?
All behaviour is learned
people are the product of their own experience of the world
What are the three types of learning?
Non-associative learning
Associative learning
Observational Learning
Non-associative learning
Involves only one stimulus at a time
Learning based on the frequency of the stimulus
Associative learning
Learning based on connections
Observational learning
Learning by watching others
What are the two types of associative learning?
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
what is classical conditioning?
when two different stimuli come to be associated with one another
doesn’t require the action of the learner
what is operant conditioning?
when learner operates in their environment to produce a specific result
what is classical conditioning on a biological level?
learning where neural stimulus elicits a reflexive response because it has become associated with a stimulus that already produces that response
Unconditioned stimulus
A stimulus that causes a response that is automatic, not learned
Unconditioned response
An automatic response to a stimulus
Conditioned stimulus
A stimulus that causes a response that is learned
Conditioned response
A learned response to a stimulus that was previously neutral
acquisition
the gradual formation of an association between a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus
extinction
when the conditioned response is weakened when the conditioned stimulus is repeated without an unconditioned stimulus
Spontaneous recovery
Previously extinguished response reemerges following the presentation of the conditioned stimulus
Stimulus generalization
Stimuli are similar but not identical to the conditioned stimulus produced by the conditioned response
Stimulus discrimination
A differentiation between two similar stimuli when one of them is consistently associated with the unconditioned stimulus
Higher order conditioning
when something is consistently paired with a conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus and leads to a conditioned response
What causes not all CS-CR pairings to be the same?
latent inhibition: interference with conditioning produced by repeated exposures to the CS before the conditioning trials.
What are some associations that are easier to learn than others?
Taste aversion
Biological preparedness
What is an example of conditioned taste aversions in Lyons?
Lyons come into the farmland and want to eat the cattle
The solution is researchers pair the beef with a deworming agent that made them, sick causing the lions to refuse to eat the untreated beef
