Learning

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

Relatively lasting change in behaviour from experience

Question 2

What did behaviourists believe psychologists should focus on?

Answer 2

In the study of observable behaviour

emphasis on nurture

Question 3

What did John Watson believe?

Answer 3

All behaviour is learned

people are the product of their own experience of the world

Question 4

What are the three types of learning?

Answer 4

Non-associative learning

Associative learning

Observational Learning

Question 5

Non-associative learning

Answer 5

Involves only one stimulus at a time

Learning based on the frequency of the stimulus

Question 6

Associative learning

Answer 6

Learning based on connections

Question 7

Observational learning

Answer 7

Learning by watching others

Question 8

What are the two types of associative learning?

Answer 8

classical conditioning

operant conditioning

Question 9

what is classical conditioning?

Answer 9

when two different stimuli come to be associated with one another

doesn’t require the action of the learner

Question 10

what is operant conditioning?

Answer 10

when learner operates in their environment to produce a specific result

Question 11

what is classical conditioning on a biological level?

Answer 11

learning where neural stimulus elicits a reflexive response because it has become associated with a stimulus that already produces that response

Question 12

Unconditioned stimulus

Answer 12

A stimulus that causes a response that is automatic, not learned

Question 13

Unconditioned response

Answer 13

An automatic response to a stimulus

Question 14

Conditioned stimulus

Answer 14

A stimulus that causes a response that is learned

Question 15

Conditioned response

Answer 15

A learned response to a stimulus that was previously neutral

Question 16

acquisition

Answer 16

the gradual formation of an association between a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

Question 17

extinction

Answer 17

when the conditioned response is weakened when the conditioned stimulus is repeated without an unconditioned stimulus

Question 18

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 18

Previously extinguished response reemerges following the presentation of the conditioned stimulus

Question 19

Stimulus generalization

Answer 19

Stimuli are similar but not identical to the conditioned stimulus produced by the conditioned response

Question 20

Stimulus discrimination

Answer 20

A differentiation between two similar stimuli when one of them is consistently associated with the unconditioned stimulus

Question 21

Higher order conditioning

Answer 21

when something is consistently paired with a conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus and leads to a conditioned response

Question 22

What causes not all CS-CR pairings to be the same?

Answer 22

latent inhibition: interference with conditioning produced by repeated exposures to the CS before the conditioning trials.

Question 23

What are some associations that are easier to learn than others?

Answer 23

Taste aversion
Biological preparedness

Question 24

What is an example of conditioned taste aversions in Lyons?

Answer 24

Lyons come into the farmland and want to eat the cattle

The solution is researchers pair the beef with a deworming agent that made them, sick causing the lions to refuse to eat the untreated beef

Question 25

Why is a slight delay between the CS and US optimal for
learning?

Answer 25

prediction

The conditioned stimulus most accurately predicts the unconditioned stimulus

Question 26

Rescorla Wagner model

Answer 26

A cognitive model of classical
conditioning which states that the strength of the CS-USnassociation is determined by the extent to which the US is unexpected or surprising

there’s a greater effort to learn when the stimulus of unexpected

Question 27

Hebb’s rule

Answer 27

Neurons that fire together wire together

Question 28

What would happen if we didn’t have neural plasticity?

Answer 28

We wouldn’t be able to learn