Personality

Question 1

Who is the father of the science of personality?

Answer 1

Hans Eysenck

Question 2

What are personality traits?

Answer 2

Relatively enduring patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviours that reflect the tendency to respond in certain ways under certain circumstances

Question 3

What are the Big Five dimensions of personality?

Answer 3

▪️ Extraversion
▪️ Conscientiousness
▪️ Agreeableness
▪️ Neuroticism
▪️ Openness to experience

Question 4

What is the modern day industry standard for measuring personality?

Answer 4

The Big Five

Question 5

What must be considered when thinking about applied implications of personality?

Answer 5

They don’t operate in isolation so need to look holistically

(e.g., they interact with cognitive ability, IQ, etc)

Question 6

How does intelligence relate to personality?

Answer 6

▪️ Some believe it is another dimension of personality
▪️ Some believe it is functionally different - represents problem-solving ability and processing speed?

Question 7

How might personality link with employability?

Answer 7

Higher levels of conscientiousness and agreeableness associated with highly reliable and cooperative personality which increases employability

Question 8

Which personality traits are thought to be associated with occupational outcomes?

Answer 8

Agreeableness and conscientiousness

Question 9

Which personality trait has been positively associated with job performance?

Answer 9

Conscientiousness

Question 10

Which personality trait has been positively associated with non-contracted behaviours that benefit organisational cohesion (e.g., being helpful)?

Answer 10

Agreeableness

Question 11

What must you be aware of when researching the association between a personality trait and an outcome?

Answer 11

The direction of the relationship and “causality”

E.g., low A and C may lead to worse employment but worse employment back also lower A and C

Question 12

What did the Terman study find?

Answer 12

Children with ‘employment-resistant’ personality profiles had worse:
▪️ Work records
▪️ Health
▪️ Personal relationships

They controlled for IQ but all were from quite wealthy families

Question 13

What did the Dunedin study find?

Answer 13

Individuals with low levels of self-control (generally low A and C) as children went on to have less satisfactory life histories in almost all domains, including work.

(Much more representative and varied sample that Terman)

Question 14

How many sub-traits of the Big Five relate to moral judgement?

Answer 14

3 - alturisim (A), modesty (A), and dutifulness (C)

Question 15

What did Blake and colleagues find when examining the development of fairness in children?

Answer 15

▪️ Disadvantageous inequity aversion emerged by middle childhood in all (bothered by less cake than others)
▪️ Advantageous inequity aversion only later in development and in US, Canada and Uganda (bothered by more cake than others)
▪️ Sense of fairness to others more common in WEIRD cultures

Question 16

Why was the HEXACO model of personality proposed?

Answer 16

Because the Big Five does not sufficiently measure moral judgement

Question 17

What are the HEXACO personality traits?

Answer 17

▪️ Honesty-humility
▪️ Emotionality (neuroticism)
▪️ eXtraversion
▪️ Agreeableness vs anger
▪️ Conscientiousness
▪️ Openness to experience

Question 18

What are the main facets of honesty-humility?

Answer 18

▪️ Sincerity
▪️ Fairness
▪️ Greed avoidance
▪️ Modesty

Question 19

How might anxiety be associated with morality?

Answer 19

It informs our choices, self-awareness and personal responsibility - enables self-conscious reflection

Question 20

What are the three main types of moral dilemma?

Answer 20

1. Moral-personal
2. Moral-impersonal
3. Non-moral

Question 21

What is an example of a moral-personal dilemma?

Answer 21

Doctor performing transplant of a healthy patients organs to save 5 other people

You play an ACTIVE role

Question 22

What is an example of a moral-impersonal dilemma?

Answer 22

Hitting the switch to divert the trolley from hitting 5 people to instead hitting just one

You play a more PASSIVE role

Question 23

What have neuroimaging studies found about brain activation during a moral dilemma task?

Answer 23

Emotional systems are more strongly engaged by moral-personal dilemmas

Emotional engagement inhibits utilitarian responding

Question 24

How does anxiety and psychopathy influence performance on the moral dilemma task?

Answer 24

▪️ Low anxiety psychopaths = more likely to endorse utilitarian behaviour compared to high anxiety or controls
▪️ Both low and high anxiety psychopaths more likely to endorse utilitarian acts that cause indirect/remote harm

Question 25

What is an example of a low conflict (selfish) moral dilemma?

Answer 25

Pushing your mean boss of the wall so it looks like an accident

Question 26

What is an example of a high conflict (utilitarian) moral dilemma?

Answer 26

Killing a fatally ill crew member on crashing submarine so that there is enough oxygen for everyone else

Question 27

How do anxiolytics like lorazepam affect performance moral-personal dilemmas?

Answer 27

Higher dose = more ruthless responses, regardless of whether it was selfish or utilitarian

(no effect on impersonal or non-moral dilemmas)

Question 28

What are the two main types of moral-personal dilemma?

Answer 28

▪️ Low conflict (selfish)
▪️ High conflict (utilitarian)

Question 29

What is psychopathy?

Answer 29

Dimensional construct defined by specific patterns of traits and behaviours including:
▪️ Grandiosity
▪️ Lack of empathy and shallow emotions
▪️ Irresponsibility
▪️ Deceptiveness
▪️ Sensation-seeking
▪️ Socially deviant lifestyle

Question 30

How is psychopathy most commonly measured?

Answer 30

Hare’s Psychopathy Checklist

(20 item semi-structured interview with three point response scale)

Question 31

What do the majority of people score on the psychopathy checklist (PCL)?

Answer 31

0

Question 32

How many traits were identified by Hervey Cleckley as indicative of psychopathy/antisocial personality disorder?

Answer 32

16

Question 33

How does psychopathy and homicide relate?

Answer 33

Can be associated but not necessarily

Question 34

Psychopathy is _______ but _____________________

Answer 34

Rare but expensive