Cross-sectional Anatomy

Question 1

What does CT measure?

Answer 1

Tissue density

Question 2

What does MRI measure?

Answer 2

Hydrogen content

Question 3

What does CT use to generate an image?

Answer 3

X-ray radiation

Question 4

What does MRI use to generate an image?

Answer 4

Radiowaves and magnetic fields

Question 5

Which type of imaging generates images in trains-axial slices and uses 3D image data to reconstruct this on other planes?

Answer 5

CT

Question 6

Which type of imaging can simultaneously generate images from several planes and angles?

Answer 6

MRI

Question 7

On which type of MRI sequence does CSF show up as bright?

Answer 7

T2-weighted

Question 8

On which type of MRI sequence does white matter look lighter than grey matter?

Answer 8

T1-weighted

Question 9

In T2-weighted imaging, which type of matter shows up as darker?

Answer 9

White matter

Question 10

Which anatomical plane looks at the brain from the side?

Answer 10

Sagittal

Question 11

Which anatomical plane looks at the brain from above?

Answer 11

Axial

Question 12

Which anatomical plane looks at the brain from behind?

Answer 12

Coronal

Question 13

What does lateral describe?

Answer 13

Structures away from the midline

Question 14

What name do you give regions close to the midline?

Answer 14

Medial

Question 15

What does dorsal relate to?

Answer 15

The upper side

Question 16

What structure lies on the dorsal side of the brain stem?

Answer 16

The cerebellum

Question 17

What does ventral relate to?

Answer 17

The underside

Question 18

What structure lies on the ventral side of the brainstem?

Answer 18

The pons

Question 19

What is the term for the posterior structures?

Answer 19

Caudal

Question 20

What is the term for anterior structures?

Answer 20

Cranial/rostral

Question 21

What are the four main lobes?

Answer 21

Frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital

Question 22

What are the two additional medial lobes?

Answer 22

The insula and the limbic lobe

Question 23

What are gyri?

Answer 23

Bumps

Question 24

What are sulci?

Answer 24

Dips

Question 25

What separates the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe?

Answer 25

The Sylvian fissure (lateral fissure/sulcus)

Question 26

What is the inferior frontal gyrus associated with?

Answer 26

Language expression and articulation (Broca's area)

Question 27

Which structure is shaped like an M and lies above the front of the Sylvian fissure?

Answer 27

The inferior frontal gyrus

Question 28

What lies above the inferior frontal. gyrus?

Answer 28

The superior frontal gyrus

Question 29

What is the name of the dip before the central sulcus?

Answer 29

The precentral sulcus

Question 30

What separates the frontal from the parietal lobe?

Answer 30

The central sulcus

Question 31

What area is located immediately before the central sulcus?

Answer 31

The motor area (precentral gyrus)

Question 32

What area is located immediatly after the central sulcus?

Answer 32

The sensory cortex (postcentral gyrus)

Question 33

Where is Broca's area?

Answer 33

The inferior frontal gyrus, typically on the left

Question 34

Name the two main areas of the lateral parietal lobe?

Answer 34

The postcentral gyrus (sensory cortex) and the inferior parietal lobule

Question 35

Name the two main gyri of the inferior parietal lobule.

Answer 35

The supramarginal gyrus and the angular gyrus

Question 36

What is the angular gyrus associated with?

Answer 36

Semantic and phonological language, word and sentence comprehension, reading and writing, and number processing

Question 37

Where is Wernicke's area located?

Answer 37

The posterior region of the superior temporal sulcus, typically on the left

Question 38

What are the three divisions of the lateral temporal lobe?

Answer 38

Superior temporal gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, and the inferior temporal gyrus

Question 39

What is Wernicke's area associated with?

Answer 39

Language reception and comprehension

Question 40

What is the heart shaped bump at the top of the temporal lobe?

Answer 40

Heschl's gyrus (primary auditory cortex)

Question 41

Where is the primary auditory cortex?

Answer 41

On Heschl's gyrus, at the top of the temporal lobe

Question 42

Where is the insula located?

Answer 42

In front of the primary auditory cortex (lateral temporal lobe but more medial than temporal gyri)

Question 43

What structure looks like a hook in between the lateral and medial sagittal plane?

Answer 43

The precentral gyrus

Question 44

What are the two main sulci of the medial occipital region?

Answer 44

▪️ Parieto-occipital sulcus ▪️ Calcarine sulcus (divides OL, where PVC is)

Question 45

What are the two main regions of the medial OL?

Answer 45

▪️ Cuneus ▪️ Lingual gyrus

Question 46

What does the hand knob sign indicate on an axial view of the brain?

Answer 46

The central sulcus

Question 47

Which is thicker, the precentral gyrus or the postcentral gyrus?

Answer 47

Precentral

Question 48

What is the precentral gyrus?

Answer 48

The primary motor area - initiates voluntary movement through the corticospinal tract

Question 49

How can you spot the supplementary motor areas (SMA) and what does it do?

Answer 49

On the posterior end of the superior frontal gyrus when viewing the brain axially ▪️ Planning, coordinating and initiation of movement ▪️ Language, learning new sequential movements, WM

Question 50

Where is the pre-supplementary motor area and what does it do?

Answer 50

▪️ Infront of the SMA ▪️ Language, learning new sequential movements ▪️ Working memory

Question 51

What area is at the point where the superior frontal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus and precentral gyrus meet?

Answer 51

Premotor cortex (integrates auditory, visual, and somatosensory stimuli for movement related tasks - "mirror neurones?")

Question 52

Where is the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex?

Answer 52

At the anterior end of the middle frontal gyrus

Question 53

Where is the fusiform gyrus?

Answer 53

On the occipito-temporal gyri (lateral)

Question 54

What does the fornix connect?

Answer 54

The hippocampus and the mammillary bodies (with septal nuclei, nucleus accumbens, and anterior nuclei of thalamus in the middle

Question 55

What is the anterior commissure?

Answer 55

A small structure (collection of nerve fibres) off the anterior part of the fornix which connects the hemispheres

Question 56

What are the posterior rising parts of the fornix?

Answer 56

The crus

Question 57

What are the anterior downward parts of the fornix, joining onto the mammillary bodies?

Answer 57

The columns

Question 58

What structure is found at the bottom of the caudate nucleus curve?

Answer 58

The amygdala

Question 59

What are the white matter in between the putamen, GPi and GPe, and when are they most visible?

Answer 59

The medullary lamina Best seen when pathology e.g., inflammation, oedema

Question 60

What is the lentiform nucleus?

Answer 60

The putamen and globus pallidi

Question 61

What is in the middle of the two cerebellar hemispheres?

Answer 61

The median/cerebellar vermis

Question 62

What are the lines connecting the brainstem and the cerebellum?

Answer 62

The cerebellar peduncles (3 on each side - superior, middle, and inferior)