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scientific foundations > Cross-sectional Anatomy > Flashcards

Cross-sectional Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What does CT measure?

A

Tissue density

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2
Q

What does MRI measure?

A

Hydrogen content

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3
Q

What does CT use to generate an image?

A

X-ray radiation

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4
Q

What does MRI use to generate an image?

A

Radiowaves and magnetic fields

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5
Q

Which type of imaging generates images in trains-axial slices and uses 3D image data to reconstruct this on other planes?

A

CT

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6
Q

Which type of imaging can simultaneously generate images from several planes and angles?

A

MRI

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7
Q

On which type of MRI sequence does CSF show up as bright?

A

T2-weighted

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8
Q

On which type of MRI sequence does white matter look lighter than grey matter?

A

T1-weighted

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9
Q

In T2-weighted imaging, which type of matter shows up as darker?

A

White matter

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10
Q

Which anatomical plane looks at the brain from the side?

A

Sagittal

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11
Q

Which anatomical plane looks at the brain from above?

A

Axial

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12
Q

Which anatomical plane looks at the brain from behind?

A

Coronal

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13
Q

What does lateral describe?

A

Structures away from the midline

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14
Q

What name do you give regions close to the midline?

A

Medial

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15
Q

What does dorsal relate to?

A

The upper side

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16
Q

What structure lies on the dorsal side of the brain stem?

A

The cerebellum

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17
Q

What does ventral relate to?

A

The underside

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18
Q

What structure lies on the ventral side of the brainstem?

A

The pons

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19
Q

What is the term for the posterior structures?

A

Caudal

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20
Q

What is the term for anterior structures?

A

Cranial/rostral

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21
Q

What are the four main lobes?

A

Frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital

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22
Q

What are the two additional medial lobes?

A

The insula and the limbic lobe

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23
Q

What are gyri?

A

Bumps

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24
Q

What are sulci?

A

Dips

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25
Q

What separates the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe?

A

The Sylvian fissure (lateral fissure/sulcus)

26
Q

What is the inferior frontal gyrus associated with?

A

Language expression and articulation (Broca’s area)

27
Q

Which structure is shaped like an M and lies above the front of the Sylvian fissure?

A

The inferior frontal gyrus

28
Q

What lies above the inferior frontal. gyrus?

A

The superior frontal gyrus

29
Q

What is the name of the dip before the central sulcus?

A

The precentral sulcus

30
Q

What separates the frontal from the parietal lobe?

A

The central sulcus

31
Q

What area is located immediately before the central sulcus?

A

The motor area (precentral gyrus)

32
Q

What area is located immediatly after the central sulcus?

A

The sensory cortex (postcentral gyrus)

33
Q

Where is Broca’s area?

A

The inferior frontal gyrus, typically on the left

34
Q

Name the two main areas of the lateral parietal lobe?

A

The postcentral gyrus (sensory cortex) and the inferior parietal lobule

35
Q

Name the two main gyri of the inferior parietal lobule.

A

The supramarginal gyrus and the angular gyrus

36
Q

What is the angular gyrus associated with?

A

Semantic and phonological language, word and sentence comprehension, reading and writing, and number processing

37
Q

Where is Wernicke’s area located?

A

The posterior region of the superior temporal sulcus, typically on the left

38
Q

What are the three divisions of the lateral temporal lobe?

A

Superior temporal gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, and the inferior temporal gyrus

39
Q

What is Wernicke’s area associated with?

A

Language reception and comprehension

40
Q

What is the heart shaped bump at the top of the temporal lobe?

A

Heschl’s gyrus (primary auditory cortex)

41
Q

Where is the primary auditory cortex?

A

On Heschl’s gyrus, at the top of the temporal lobe

42
Q

Where is the insula located?

A

In front of the primary auditory cortex

(lateral temporal lobe but more medial than temporal gyri)

43
Q

What structure looks like a hook in between the lateral and medial sagittal plane?

A

The precentral gyrus

44
Q

What are the two main sulci of the medial occipital region?

A

▪️ Parieto-occipital sulcus
▪️ Calcarine sulcus (divides OL, where PVC is)

45
Q

What are the two main regions of the medial OL?

A

▪️ Cuneus
▪️ Lingual gyrus

46
Q

What does the hand knob sign indicate on an axial view of the brain?

A

The central sulcus

47
Q

Which is thicker, the precentral gyrus or the postcentral gyrus?

A

Precentral

48
Q

What is the precentral gyrus?

A

The primary motor area - initiates voluntary movement through the corticospinal tract

49
Q

How can you spot the supplementary motor areas (SMA) and what does it do?

A

On the posterior end of the superior frontal gyrus when viewing the brain axially

▪️ Planning, coordinating and initiation of movement
▪️ Language, learning new sequential movements, WM

50
Q

Where is the pre-supplementary motor area and what does it do?

A

▪️ Infront of the SMA
▪️ Language, learning new sequential movements
▪️ Working memory

51
Q

What area is at the point where the superior frontal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus and precentral gyrus meet?

A

Premotor cortex

(integrates auditory, visual, and somatosensory stimuli for movement related tasks - “mirror neurones?”)

52
Q

Where is the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex?

A

At the anterior end of the middle frontal gyrus

53
Q

Where is the fusiform gyrus?

A

On the occipito-temporal gyri (lateral)

54
Q

What does the fornix connect?

A

The hippocampus and the mammillary bodies

(with septal nuclei, nucleus accumbens, and anterior nuclei of thalamus in the middle

55
Q

What is the anterior commissure?

A

A small structure (collection of nerve fibres) off the anterior part of the fornix which connects the hemispheres

56
Q

What are the posterior rising parts of the fornix?

A

The crus

57
Q

What are the anterior downward parts of the fornix, joining onto the mammillary bodies?

A

The columns

58
Q

What structure is found at the bottom of the caudate nucleus curve?

A

The amygdala

59
Q

What are the white matter in between the putamen, GPi and GPe, and when are they most visible?

A

The medullary lamina

Best seen when pathology e.g., inflammation, oedema

60
Q

What is the lentiform nucleus?

A

The putamen and globus pallidi

61
Q

What is in the middle of the two cerebellar hemispheres?

A

The median/cerebellar vermis

62
Q

What are the lines connecting the brainstem and the cerebellum?

A

The cerebellar peduncles

(3 on each side - superior, middle, and inferior)

scientific foundations (27 decks)

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