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Scientific Foundations > Neuropsychology of Memory > Flashcards

Neuropsychology of Memory Flashcards

1
Q

How long is short term / working memory?

A

up to 30 seconds

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2
Q

How big is the short term memory store?

A

Limited to around 7 chunks (+/-2)

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3
Q

How long is long term memory?

A

Up to many decades

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4
Q

How big is the long term memory store?

A

Supposedly unlimited

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5
Q

How do short term memories get lost?

A

Even just the slightest distraction can replace the information

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6
Q

How do memories get lost from long term memory?

A

Either through retrieval failure or interference (e.g. from new memories)

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7
Q

What are the three main influential models of memory?

A

▪️Baddeley’s Working Memory model (1974)
▪️The Multi-Store Model of Memory (modal model) (1968)
▪️The Long-Term Memory Model (1987)

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8
Q

What are the original three main components of the working memory model?

A

▪️Central executive
▪️Visuospatial sketchpad
▪️Phonological loop

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9
Q

What are the fluid systems of the working memory model?

A

▪️Visuospatial sketchpad
▪️Episodic buffer
▪️Phonological loop

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10
Q

What are the crystallised systems of the working memory model?

A

▪️Visual semantics
▪️Episodic LTM
▪️Language

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11
Q

What are the three main stores of the Multi-Store Model of Memory?

A

▪️Sensory memory
▪️Short term memory
▪️Long term memory

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12
Q

How does information move from sensory memory into short term memory?

A

Through attention

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13
Q

How is short term memory forgotten?

A

Through decay or displacement

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14
Q

How is long term memory forgotten?

A

Through interference or retrieval failure

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15
Q

How does information move from short term memory to long term memory according to the multi store model?

A

Elaborate rehearsal, particularly if information is contextualised/made relevant

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16
Q

What are the two main types of long term memory?

A

▪️Declarative (explicit)
▪️Non-declarative (implicit)

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17
Q

What are the two types of declarative memory and where are they mapped to in the brain?

A

▪️Semantic (facts)
▪️Episodic (events)

Medial temporal lobe and diencephalon

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18
Q

What are the four types of non-declarative memory?

A

▪️Procedural (skills, habits)
▪️Priming
▪️Simple classical conditioning
▪️Non-associate learning

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19
Q

What brain region is associated with procedural memory?

A

Striatum

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20
Q

What brain region is associated with priming memory?

A

Neocortex

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21
Q

What is non-associate learning related to?

A

The reflex pathway

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22
Q

What are the two types of simple classical conditioning and what are the neurological correlates?

A

▪️Emotional response - amygdala
▪️Skeletal musculature - cerebellum

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23
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

Unique memories located in a specific time and place. They last up to several decades, can be verbalised, and come with a sense of recollection

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24
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

Memory of facts, both general and personal. They can be verbalised although are not associated with a sense of recollection

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25
Q

What is amnesia?

A

A disorder of new learning (anterograde)

▪️Intellectual functioning intact
▪️Working memory intact
▪️May also have retrograde amnesia (inability to recall past events)

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26
Q

Lesions in which brain areas are most frequently associated with amnesia?

A

▪️Medial temporal lobes
▪️Hippocampus

27
Q

What did the study of HM teach us about the medial temporal lobes?

A

They play a key role in the acquisition of new memories

28
Q

What is consolidation?

A

The process through which memories become more stable over time, making them less vulnerable to loss after injury

29
Q

What is hypothesised to be the neuroanatomical underpinning of consolidation?

A

A complex relationship between the hippocampus and neocortex

30
Q

What is the Multiple Trace Theory of consolidation?

A

▪️Memories are encoded in hippocampal-neocortical networks
▪️More extensive memory traces are formed and dispersed over wider areas of the hippocampal complex over time with repeated retrieval
▪️This process protects older, more extensively represented memories from damage

31
Q

What did Winocur, Moscovitch, and Bontempi (2010) add to the hippocampal-neocortical network theory of consolidation?

A

With time and experience, a hippocampal memory supports the development of a less integrated, schematic version in the neocortex, retaining the gist of the original but with few contextual details

32
Q

What type of dementia is associated with bilateral hippocampal atrophy?

A

Alzheimer’s disease

33
Q

What type of dementia is associated with unilateral onset of MTL/hippocampal atrophy?

A

Semantic dementia

34
Q

What type of dementia initially presents with poor new learning, getting lost, and trouble finding things?

A

Alzheimer’s disease

35
Q

What type of dementia initially presents with preserved new learning but forgetting words and concepts?

A

Semantic dementia

36
Q

What are the signs of left-dominant semantic dementia?

A

Poorer performance on naming and verbal comprehension

37
Q

What are the signs of right-dominant semantic dementia?

A

Poorer performance with visual stimuli (e.g. faces, pictures, models)

38
Q

What did Maguire (2000) find in London taxi drivers?

A

Greater grey matter volume in posterior hippocampi and less in the anterior - spatial memory?

39
Q

What memory impairments might be seen with frontal lobe injury?

A

Executive impairments in retrieval strategies, attention and working memory

40
Q

What brain areas, aside from the medial temporal lobes, might result in memory impairments if damaged and why?

A

Frontal lobes and subcortical structures such as the basal ganglia, due to complex circuitry and feedback loops

41
Q

What brain area is thought to map onto the central executive?

A

Prefrontal cortex

42
Q

What brain areas are thought to map onto the phonological loop?

A

Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas

43
Q

What brain area is thought to map onto the episodic buffer?

A

Parietal lobe

44
Q

What brain area is thought to map onto the visuospatial sketchpad?

A

Occipital lobe

45
Q

What are signs of functional amnesia?

A

▪️Lack of organic injury (psychogenic)
▪️Variable presentation
▪️Retrograde amnesia but not so much anterograde
▪️Loss of identity
▪️Psychiatric history/comorbidity

46
Q

What is the main principle of the Multiple Trace Theory of consolidation?

A

The more widely dispersed a memory trace is through the brain, the less vulnerable it is to degradation

47
Q

What executive functions are involved in prospective memory?

A

Planning, initiation, and goal maintenance

48
Q

What roles does executive function play in retrieval of memories?

A

▪️Strategic information search (shown by ability to recall with prompts)
▪️Verification of memories

49
Q

What signs might indicate impairment of the role of executive function in retrieval?

A

▪️Confabulation - filling in the gaps when retrieval fails
▪️Intrusions - inability to filter so lots retrieved unnecessarily

50
Q

How do you assess posttraumatic amnesia?

A

Specific tools such as the Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test (GOAT) or the Westmead PTA scale

51
Q

What are the four main processes of memory?

A
  1. Attention
  2. Encoding
  3. Storage
  4. Retrieval

Find where in this process it’s breaking down!

52
Q

What is the first step of a memory assessment?

A

Clinical interview

▪️Ask about specific situations, what’s usually forgotten and what’s not affected
▪️Questions about recent events

53
Q

What other neuropsychiatric factors might influence memory?

A

▪️Depression (concentration, effort, speed)
▪️Anxiety (WM)
▪️Fatigue
▪️Substance abuse

54
Q

How might you interpret poor immediate and delayed recall but good recognition?

A

▪️Initial attention and retrieval issues
▪️Some encoding intact
▪️Severe depression, anxiety, or frontal lobe inefficiency

55
Q

How might you interpret some immediate recall but severely impaired delayed recall and poor recognition?

A

▪️Clear forgetting over time
▪️Medical temporal dysfunction - early AD or other conditions affecting this area

56
Q

How might you interpret reasonable immediate recall, normal recognition but poor delayed recall?

A

▪️Retrieval difficulties
▪️More likely frontal than medial temporal
▪️Pattern commonly seen in vascular dementia

57
Q

How might you interpret very poor recognition, but relatively better immediate and delayed recall?

A

▪️Non-neurological?
▪️Possibly anxiety, performance anxiety, or related to motivational factors

58
Q

What are the two main routes to rehabilitation?

A

▪️Repair and restore (e.g. medication, brain training)
▪️Compensation

59
Q

What are the three main compensatory techniques used in memory rehabilitation?

A
  1. Enhanced learning
  2. Modifying environment
  3. External aids
60
Q

What are the five main methods of enhanced learning?

A

▪️Chunking
▪️Mnemonics
▪️Elaboration
▪️Repetition - spaced retrieval
▪️Errorless learning

61
Q

What is elaboration?

A

An enhanced learning technique that involves connecting information to something familiar, creating a story, or adding meaning to something with the aim of achieving deeper semantic processing

62
Q

What is errorless learning?

A

An enhanced technique that involves prompting the individual after a question so that they get it right. Prompts are reduced until they don’t need it.

Aim to reduce errors in acquisition phase of memory

63
Q

What group have shown the best response to errorless learning?

A

Those with severe memory impairment

Scientific Foundations (27 decks)

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