Personality

Question 1

an individual’s unique set of consistent behavioral traits

Answer 1

personality

Question 2

a durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations

Answer 2

personality trait

Question 3

correlations among many variable are analyzed to identify closely related clusters of variables

Answer 3

factor analysis

Question 4

the primitive, instinctive component of personality that operates according to the pleasure principle

Answer 4

the id

Question 5

demanding immediate gratification of its urges

Answer 5

pleasure principle

Question 6

decision-making component of personality that operates according to the reality principle

Answer 6

the ego

Question 7

the moral component of personality that incorporates social standards about what represents right and wrong

Answer 7

the superego

Question 8

whatever one is aware of at a particular point in time

Answer 8

the conscious

Question 9

material just beneath the surface of awareness that can easily be retrieved

Answer 9

the preconscious

Question 10

contains thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the surface of conscious awareness, but that nonetheless exert great influence on behavior

Answer 10

the unconscious

Question 11

largely unconscious reactions that protect a person from unpleasant emotions

Answer 11

defense mechanism

Question 12

creating false but plausible excuses to justify unacceptable behavior

Answer 12

rationalization

Question 13

keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious

Answer 13

repression

Question 14

attributing one’s own thoughts, feelings, or motives to another

Answer 14

projection

Question 15

diverting emotional feelings (usually anger) from their original source to a substitute target

Answer 15

displacement

Question 16

behaving in a way that’s exactly the opposite of one’s true feelings

Answer 16

reaction formation

Question 17

reversion to immature patterns of behavior

Answer 17

regression

Question 18

bolstering self-esteem by forming an imaginary or real alliance with some person or group

Answer 18

identification

Question 19

developmental periods with a characteristic sexual focus that leave their mark on adult personality

Answer 19

psychosexual stages

Question 20

involves a failure to move forward from one stage to another

Answer 20

fixation

Question 21

Psychosexual stage: the main source of erootic stimulation is the mouth; year 0-1

Answer 21

oral stage

Question 22

psychosexual stage: children get their erotic pleasure from their bowel movements, through either the expulsion or retention of feces; significant event at this time is toilet training; year 2-3

Answer 22

anal stage

Question 23

the genitals become the focus for the child’s erotic energy, through self-stimulation; oedipus complex emerges; year 4-5

Answer 23

phallic stage

Question 24

no erotic focus; main task is expanding social contacts; year 6-12

Answer 24

latency

Question 25

erotic focus is being sexually intimate; establishing intimate relationships; contributing to society through working; puberty onward

Answer 25

genital stage

Question 26

storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from people's ancestral past

Answer 26

collective unconscious

Question 27

emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning

Answer 27

archetypes

Question 28

efforts to overcome imagined or real inferiorities by developing one's abilities

Answer 28

compensation

Question 29

a person whose behavior is observed by another

Answer 29

model

Question 30

one's belief about one's ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes

Answer 30

self-efficacy

Question 31

the degree of disparity between one's self-concept and one's actual experience

Answer 31

incongruence

Question 32

personality trait marked by an inflated sense of importance, a need for attention and admiration, a sense of entitlement, and a tendency to exploit others

Answer 32

narcissism

Question 33

the degree to which subjects' mortality is prominent in their minds

Answer 33

morality salience