Human Development Across the Lifespan Flashcards
the sequence of age-related changes that occur as a person progresses from conception to death
development
the first phase of prenatal development, encompassing the first 2 weeks after conception; fertilization occurs during this stage
germinal stage
a structure that allows oxygen and nutrients to pass into the fetus from the mother’s bloodstream, and bodily wastes pass out to mother
placenta
second stage of prenatal development, lasting from 2 weeks until the end of the second month; most of vital organs and bodily systems begin to form; very vulnerable phase
embryonic stage
third stage of prenatal development, lasting 2 months through birth; muscle and bones begin to form; reaches threshold of viability
fetal stage
a collection of congenital problems associated with excessive alcohol use during pregnancy
fetal alcohol syndrome
progression of muscular coordination required for physical activities
motor development
development that reflects the gradual unfolding of one’s genetic blueprint
maturation
indicate the typical (median) age at which individuals display various behaviors and abilities
developmental norms
refers to the close emotional bonds of affection that develop between infants and their caregivers
attachment
emotional distress seen in many infants when they are separated from people with whom they have formed an attachment
separation anxiety
When infants play and explore comfortably when their mothers are present and are visibly upset when she leaves
secure attachment
When infants are anxious when the mothers are near and protest excessively when she leaves
anxious-ambivalent attachment
when infants seek little contact with their mothers and often are not distressed when she leaves
avoidant attachment
the process by which children map a word onto an underlying concept after only one exposure
fast mapping
occurs when a child incorrectly uses a word to describe a wider set of objects or actions than it is meant to
overextension
when a child incorrectly uses a word to describe a narrower set of objects than it is meant to
underextension
Erikson’s first stage encompasses the first year of life; infant has to completely depend on adults to take care of its basic needs
Trust vs. mistrust
Erikson’s second stage occurs during second and third years of life; parents begin toilet training and other efforts to regulate child
autonomy vs shame and doubt
Erikson’s third stage occurs fromm3 to 6 years; how children function socially within their families
initiative vs. guilt
Erikson’s fourth stage occurs during age 6 to puberty; challenge of learning to function socially is extended beyond the family to the broader social realm of the neighborhood and school
industry vs. inferiority
transition in adolescents’ patterns of thinking, including reasoning, remembering, and problem solving
cognitive development
when a child recognizes that objects continue to exist when they are no longer visible
object permanence
Piaget’s stage theory; stage 1; coordination of sensory input and motor responses; development of object permanence
sensorimotor period
