Human Development Across the Lifespan

Question 1

the sequence of age-related changes that occur as a person progresses from conception to death

Answer 1

development

Question 2

the first phase of prenatal development, encompassing the first 2 weeks after conception; fertilization occurs during this stage

Answer 2

germinal stage

Question 3

a structure that allows oxygen and nutrients to pass into the fetus from the mother’s bloodstream, and bodily wastes pass out to mother

Answer 3

placenta

Question 4

second stage of prenatal development, lasting from 2 weeks until the end of the second month; most of vital organs and bodily systems begin to form; very vulnerable phase

Answer 4

embryonic stage

Question 5

third stage of prenatal development, lasting 2 months through birth; muscle and bones begin to form; reaches threshold of viability

Answer 5

fetal stage

Question 6

a collection of congenital problems associated with excessive alcohol use during pregnancy

Answer 6

fetal alcohol syndrome

Question 7

progression of muscular coordination required for physical activities

Answer 7

motor development

Question 8

development that reflects the gradual unfolding of one’s genetic blueprint

Answer 8

maturation

Question 9

indicate the typical (median) age at which individuals display various behaviors and abilities

Answer 9

developmental norms

Question 10

refers to the close emotional bonds of affection that develop between infants and their caregivers

Answer 10

attachment

Question 11

emotional distress seen in many infants when they are separated from people with whom they have formed an attachment

Answer 11

separation anxiety

Question 12

When infants play and explore comfortably when their mothers are present and are visibly upset when she leaves

Answer 12

secure attachment

Question 13

When infants are anxious when the mothers are near and protest excessively when she leaves

Answer 13

anxious-ambivalent attachment

Question 14

when infants seek little contact with their mothers and often are not distressed when she leaves

Answer 14

avoidant attachment

Question 15

the process by which children map a word onto an underlying concept after only one exposure

Answer 15

fast mapping

Question 16

occurs when a child incorrectly uses a word to describe a wider set of objects or actions than it is meant to

Answer 16

overextension

Question 17

when a child incorrectly uses a word to describe a narrower set of objects than it is meant to

Answer 17

underextension

Question 18

Erikson’s first stage encompasses the first year of life; infant has to completely depend on adults to take care of its basic needs

Answer 18

Trust vs. mistrust

Question 19

Erikson’s second stage occurs during second and third years of life; parents begin toilet training and other efforts to regulate child

Answer 19

autonomy vs shame and doubt

Question 20

Erikson’s third stage occurs fromm3 to 6 years; how children function socially within their families

Answer 20

initiative vs. guilt

Question 21

Erikson’s fourth stage occurs during age 6 to puberty; challenge of learning to function socially is extended beyond the family to the broader social realm of the neighborhood and school

Answer 21

industry vs. inferiority

Question 22

transition in adolescents’ patterns of thinking, including reasoning, remembering, and problem solving

Answer 22

cognitive development

Question 23

when a child recognizes that objects continue to exist when they are no longer visible

Answer 23

object permanence

Question 24

Piaget’s stage theory; stage 1; coordination of sensory input and motor responses; development of object permanence

Answer 24

sensorimotor period

Question 25

Piaget’s stage 2; development of symbolic thought marked by irreversibility, centration, and egocentrism

Answer 25

preoperational period

Question 26

Piaget’s stage 3; mental operations applied to concrete events; mastery of conservation, hierarchical classification

Answer 26

concrete operational period

Question 27

Piaget’s stage 4; mental operations, applied to abstract ideas; logical, systematic thinking

Answer 27

formal operational period

Question 28

term for awareness that physical quantities remain constant in spite of changes in their shape or appearance

Answer 28

conservation

Question 29

tendency to focus on just one feature of a problem, neglecting other important aspects

Answer 29

centration

Question 30

inability to envision reversing an action

Answer 30

irreversibility

Question 31

thinking is characterized by a limited ability to share another person’s viewpoint

Answer 31

egocentrism

Question 32

the belief that all things are living

Answer 32

animism

Question 33

Theory: children acquire most of their culture’s cognitive skills and problem-solving strategies through collaborative dialogues with more experienced members of society

Answer 33

Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory

Question 34

Preconventional level

Answer 34

punishment orientation and naive reward orientation

Question 35

conventional level

Answer 35

Good boy/good girl orientation and authority orientation

Question 36

Postconventional level

Answer 36

social contract orientation, and individual principles and conscience orientation

Question 37

right and wrong is determined by what is punished

Answer 37

punishment orientation

Question 38

right and wrong is determined by what is rewarded

Answer 38

naive reward orientation

Question 39

right and wrong is determined by close others’ approval or disapproval

Answer 39

good boy/good girl orientation

Question 40

right and wrong is determined by society’s rules, and laws, which should be obeyed rigidly

Answer 40

authority orientation

Question 41

right and wrong is determined by society’s rules, which are viewed as fallible rather than absolute

Answer 41

social contract orientation

Question 42

right and wrong is determined by abstract ethical principles that emphasize equity and justice

Answer 42

individual principles and conscience orientation

Question 43

the stage which sexual functions reach maturity, which marks the beginning of adolescence

Answer 43

puberty

Question 44

the first occurrence of menstruation

Answer 44

menarche

Question 45

the first occurrence of ejaculation

Answer 45

spermarche

Question 46

Divided adulthood into three stages

Answer 46

Erik Erikson

Question 47

In early adulthood; key concern in whether one can develop the capacity to share intimacy with others

Answer 47

intimacy vs. isolation

Question 48

Middle adulthood; key challenge is to acquire a genuine concern for the welfare of future generations, which results in providing unselfish guidance to younger people

Answer 48

generativity vs self-absorption

Question 49

during retirement years; the challenge is to avoid the tendency to dwell on the mistakes of the past and on one’s imminent death

Answer 49

integrity vs despair

Question 50

abnormal deterioration of memory and other cognitive functions that interferes with activities of daily living

Answer 50

dementia