Human Development Across the Lifespan Flashcards
the sequence of age-related changes that occur as a person progresses from conception to death
development
the first phase of prenatal development, encompassing the first 2 weeks after conception; fertilization occurs during this stage
germinal stage
a structure that allows oxygen and nutrients to pass into the fetus from the mother’s bloodstream, and bodily wastes pass out to mother
placenta
second stage of prenatal development, lasting from 2 weeks until the end of the second month; most of vital organs and bodily systems begin to form; very vulnerable phase
embryonic stage
third stage of prenatal development, lasting 2 months through birth; muscle and bones begin to form; reaches threshold of viability
fetal stage
a collection of congenital problems associated with excessive alcohol use during pregnancy
fetal alcohol syndrome
progression of muscular coordination required for physical activities
motor development
development that reflects the gradual unfolding of one’s genetic blueprint
maturation
indicate the typical (median) age at which individuals display various behaviors and abilities
developmental norms
refers to the close emotional bonds of affection that develop between infants and their caregivers
attachment
emotional distress seen in many infants when they are separated from people with whom they have formed an attachment
separation anxiety
When infants play and explore comfortably when their mothers are present and are visibly upset when she leaves
secure attachment
When infants are anxious when the mothers are near and protest excessively when she leaves
anxious-ambivalent attachment
when infants seek little contact with their mothers and often are not distressed when she leaves
avoidant attachment
the process by which children map a word onto an underlying concept after only one exposure
fast mapping
occurs when a child incorrectly uses a word to describe a wider set of objects or actions than it is meant to
overextension
when a child incorrectly uses a word to describe a narrower set of objects than it is meant to
underextension
Erikson’s first stage encompasses the first year of life; infant has to completely depend on adults to take care of its basic needs
Trust vs. mistrust
Erikson’s second stage occurs during second and third years of life; parents begin toilet training and other efforts to regulate child
autonomy vs shame and doubt
Erikson’s third stage occurs fromm3 to 6 years; how children function socially within their families
initiative vs. guilt
Erikson’s fourth stage occurs during age 6 to puberty; challenge of learning to function socially is extended beyond the family to the broader social realm of the neighborhood and school
industry vs. inferiority
transition in adolescents’ patterns of thinking, including reasoning, remembering, and problem solving
cognitive development
when a child recognizes that objects continue to exist when they are no longer visible
object permanence
Piaget’s stage theory; stage 1; coordination of sensory input and motor responses; development of object permanence
sensorimotor period
Piaget’s stage 2; development of symbolic thought marked by irreversibility, centration, and egocentrism
preoperational period
Piaget’s stage 3; mental operations applied to concrete events; mastery of conservation, hierarchical classification
concrete operational period
Piaget’s stage 4; mental operations, applied to abstract ideas; logical, systematic thinking
formal operational period
term for awareness that physical quantities remain constant in spite of changes in their shape or appearance
conservation
tendency to focus on just one feature of a problem, neglecting other important aspects
centration
inability to envision reversing an action
irreversibility
thinking is characterized by a limited ability to share another person’s viewpoint
egocentrism
the belief that all things are living
animism
Theory: children acquire most of their culture’s cognitive skills and problem-solving strategies through collaborative dialogues with more experienced members of society
Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory
Preconventional level
punishment orientation and naive reward orientation
conventional level
Good boy/good girl orientation and authority orientation
Postconventional level
social contract orientation, and individual principles and conscience orientation
right and wrong is determined by what is punished
punishment orientation
right and wrong is determined by what is rewarded
naive reward orientation
right and wrong is determined by close others’ approval or disapproval
good boy/good girl orientation
right and wrong is determined by society’s rules, and laws, which should be obeyed rigidly
authority orientation
right and wrong is determined by society’s rules, which are viewed as fallible rather than absolute
social contract orientation
right and wrong is determined by abstract ethical principles that emphasize equity and justice
individual principles and conscience orientation
the stage which sexual functions reach maturity, which marks the beginning of adolescence
puberty
the first occurrence of menstruation
menarche
the first occurrence of ejaculation
spermarche
Divided adulthood into three stages
Erik Erikson
In early adulthood; key concern in whether one can develop the capacity to share intimacy with others
intimacy vs. isolation
Middle adulthood; key challenge is to acquire a genuine concern for the welfare of future generations, which results in providing unselfish guidance to younger people
generativity vs self-absorption
during retirement years; the challenge is to avoid the tendency to dwell on the mistakes of the past and on one’s imminent death
integrity vs despair
abnormal deterioration of memory and other cognitive functions that interferes with activities of daily living
dementia
