Learning

Question 1

Any relative durable change in behavior or knowledge that is due to experience

Answer 1

learning

Question 2

learning associations between events that occur in an organism’s environment

Answer 2

conditioning

Question 3

type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus

Answer 3

classical conditioning

Question 4

(Classical conditioning) a stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning

Answer 4

unconditioned stimulus

Question 5

an unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning

Answer 5

unconditioned response

Question 6

a previously neutral stimulus that has acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response

Answer 6

conditioned stimulus

Question 7

a learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning

Answer 7

conditioned response

Question 8

(classical conditioning) any presentation of a stimulus or pair of stimuli

Answer 8

trial

Question 9

changes in the liking of a stimulus that result from pairing that stimulus with other positive or negative stimuli

Answer 9

evaluative conditioning

Question 10

initial stage of learning a new response tendency

Answer 10

acquisition

Question 11

the gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency

Answer 11

extinction

Question 12

the reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of nonexposure to the conditioned stimulus

Answer 12

spontaneous recovery

Question 13

if a response is extinguished in a different environment than it was acquired, the extinguished response will reappear if the animal is returned to the original environment where acquisition took place

Answer 13

renewal effect

Question 14

when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus

Answer 14

stimulus generalization

Question 15

when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus does not respond in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus

Answer 15

stimulus discrimination

Question 16

a conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus

Answer 16

higher-order conditioning

Question 17

form of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences

Answer 17

operant conditioning

Question 18

occurs when an event following a response increases an organism’s tendency to make that response

Answer 18

reinforcement

Question 19

small enclosure in which an animal can make a specific response that is systematically recorded while the consequences of the response are controlled

Answer 19

skinner box

Question 20

the circumstances or rules that determine whether responses lead to the presentation of reinforcers

Answer 20

reinforcement contigencies

Question 21

creates a graphic record of responding and reinforcement in a Skinner box as a function time

Answer 21

the cumulative recorder

Question 22

the reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response

Answer 22

shaping

Question 23

occurs when an organism continues to make a response after delivery of the reinforcer for it has been terminated

Answer 23

resistance to extinction

Question 24

cues that influence operant behavior by indicating the probable consequences of a response

Answer 24

discriminative stimuli

Question 25

events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs

Answer 25

primary reinforcers

Question 26

events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers

Answer 26

secondary, or conditioned, reinforcers

Question 27

when every instance of a designated response is reinforced

Answer 27

continuous reinforcement

Question 28

when a designated response is reinforced only some of the time

Answer 28

intermittent reinforcement

Question 29

the reinforcer is given after a fixed number of nonreinforced responses

Answer 29

fixed-ratio schedule

Question 30

reinforcer is given after a variable number of reinforced responses

Answer 30

variable-ratio schedule

Question 31

the reinforcer is given for the first response that occurs after a fixed time interval has elapsed

Answer 31

fixed-interval schedule

Question 32

the reinforcer is given for the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed

Answer 32

variable-interval schedule

Question 33

when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus

Answer 33

positive reinforcement

Question 34

when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus

Answer 34

negative reinforcement

Question 35

organism acquires a response that decreases or ends some aversive stimulus

Answer 35

escape learning

Question 36

an organism acquires a response that prevents some aversive stimulation from occurring

Answer 36

avoidance learning

Question 37

occurs when an event following a response weakens the tendency to make that response

Answer 37

punishment

Question 38

species-specific predispositions to be conditioned in certain ways and not others

Answer 38

preparedness

Question 39

learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs

Answer 39

latent learning

Question 40

when an organism’s responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models

Answer 40

observational learning

Question 41

psychologist known for classical conditioning

Answer 41

ivan pavlov

Question 42

psychologist known for operant conditioning

Answer 42

BF Skinner

Question 43

psychologist known for observational learning

Answer 43

Albert bandura