Learning Flashcards
Any relative durable change in behavior or knowledge that is due to experience
learning
learning associations between events that occur in an organism’s environment
conditioning
type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus
classical conditioning
(Classical conditioning) a stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning
unconditioned stimulus
an unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning
unconditioned response
a previously neutral stimulus that has acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response
conditioned stimulus
a learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning
conditioned response
(classical conditioning) any presentation of a stimulus or pair of stimuli
trial
changes in the liking of a stimulus that result from pairing that stimulus with other positive or negative stimuli
evaluative conditioning
initial stage of learning a new response tendency
acquisition
the gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency
extinction
the reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of nonexposure to the conditioned stimulus
spontaneous recovery
if a response is extinguished in a different environment than it was acquired, the extinguished response will reappear if the animal is returned to the original environment where acquisition took place
renewal effect
when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus
stimulus generalization
when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus does not respond in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus
stimulus discrimination
a conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus
higher-order conditioning
form of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences
operant conditioning
occurs when an event following a response increases an organism’s tendency to make that response
reinforcement
small enclosure in which an animal can make a specific response that is systematically recorded while the consequences of the response are controlled
skinner box
the circumstances or rules that determine whether responses lead to the presentation of reinforcers
reinforcement contigencies
creates a graphic record of responding and reinforcement in a Skinner box as a function time
the cumulative recorder
the reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response
shaping
occurs when an organism continues to make a response after delivery of the reinforcer for it has been terminated
resistance to extinction
cues that influence operant behavior by indicating the probable consequences of a response
discriminative stimuli
events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs
primary reinforcers
events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers
secondary, or conditioned, reinforcers
when every instance of a designated response is reinforced
continuous reinforcement
when a designated response is reinforced only some of the time
intermittent reinforcement
the reinforcer is given after a fixed number of nonreinforced responses
fixed-ratio schedule
reinforcer is given after a variable number of reinforced responses
variable-ratio schedule
the reinforcer is given for the first response that occurs after a fixed time interval has elapsed
fixed-interval schedule
the reinforcer is given for the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed
variable-interval schedule
when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus
positive reinforcement
when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus
negative reinforcement
organism acquires a response that decreases or ends some aversive stimulus
escape learning
an organism acquires a response that prevents some aversive stimulation from occurring
avoidance learning
occurs when an event following a response weakens the tendency to make that response
punishment
species-specific predispositions to be conditioned in certain ways and not others
preparedness
learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs
latent learning
when an organism’s responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models
observational learning
psychologist known for classical conditioning
ivan pavlov
psychologist known for operant conditioning
BF Skinner
psychologist known for observational learning
Albert bandura
