Memory

Question 1

involves forming a memory code

Answer 1

encoding

Question 2

maintaining encoded information in memory over time

Answer 2

storage

Question 3

recovering information from memory stores

Answer 3

retrieval

Question 4

deeper levels of processing result in longer-lasting memory codes

Answer 4

levels-of-processing theory

Question 5

the linking of a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding

Answer 5

elaboration

Question 6

memory is enhanced by forming both semantic and visual codes since either can lead to recall

Answer 6

dual-coding theory

Question 7

preserves information in its original sensory form for a brief time, usually only a fraction of a second

Answer 7

sensory memory

Question 8

a limited-capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information for up to about 20 seconds

Answer 8

short-term memory

Question 9

the process of repetitively verbalizing or thinking about information

Answer 9

rehearsal

Question 10

a group of familiar stimuli stored as a single unit

Answer 10

chunk

Question 11

a modular system for temporary storage and manipulation of information

Answer 11

working memory

Question 12

one’s ability to hold and manipulate information in conscious attention

Answer 12

working memory capacity

Question 13

an unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy periods of time

Answer 13

long-term memory

Question 14

thought to be unusually vivid and detailed recollections of the circumstances in which one learned of momentous public events

Answer 14

flashbulb memories

Question 15

a multilevel classification system based on common properties among items

Answer 15

conceptual hierarchy

Question 16

an organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event abstracted from previous experience with the object or event

Answer 16

schema

Question 17

consists of nodes representing concepts, joined together by pathways that link related concepts

Answer 17

semantic networks

Question 18

the temporary inability to remember something you know, accompanied by a feeling that it’s just out of reach

Answer 18

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Question 19

when participants’ recall of an event they witnessed is altered by introducing misleading post-event information

Answer 19

misinformation effect

Question 20

the process of making inferences about the origins of memories

Answer 20

source monitoring

Question 21

when a memory derived from one source is misattributed to another source

Answer 21

source-monitoring

Question 22

consonant-vowel-consonant arrangements that do not correspond to words

Answer 22

nonsense syllables

Question 23

graphs retention and forgetting over time

Answer 23

forgetting curve

Question 24

portion of material retained

Answer 24

retention

Question 25

requires participants to reproduce information on their own without any cues

Answer 25

recall measure

Question 26

requires participants to select previously learned information from an array of options

Answer 26

recognition measure

Question 27

requires a participant to memorize information a second time to determine how much time or effort is saved by having learned it before

Answer 27

relearning measure

Question 28

forgetting occurs because memory traces fade with time

Answer 28

decay theory

Question 29

people forget information because of competition from other material

Answer 29

interference theory

Question 30

occurs when new information impairs the retention of previously learned information

Answer 30

retroactive interference

Question 31

occurs when previously learned information interferes with the retention of new information

Answer 31

proactive interference

Question 32

the value of a retrieval cue depends on how well it corresponds to the memory code

Answer 32

encoding specificity

Question 33

keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious

Answer 33

repression

Question 34

a person loses memories for events that occurred prior to the injury

Answer 34

retrograde amnesia

Question 35

a person loses memories for events that occur after the injury

Answer 35

anterograde amnesia

Question 36

a hypothetical process involving the gradual conversion of new, unstable memories into stable, durable memory codes stored in long-term memory

Answer 36

consolidation

Question 37

handles factual information

Answer 37

declarative memory system

Question 38

houses memory for actions, skills, conditioned responses, and emotional memories

Answer 38

nondeclarative memory system

Question 39

chronological, or temporarily dated, recollections of personal experiences

Answer 39

episodic memory

Question 40

general knowledge that is not tied to the time when the information was learned

Answer 40

semantic memory

Question 41

remembering events from the pact or previously learned information

Answer 41

retrospective memory

Question 42

remembering to perform actions in the future

Answer 42

prospective memory