personal nutrition 4,5 &6 Flashcards
what is the formula you need to remember?
C6H12O6
what are 3 monosacharieds?
Glucose, Fructose & Galactose
what are 3 disacharides?
Maltose(glucose+glucose), Lactose(galactose+glucose)& Sucrose(fructose+glucose)
glucose
a monosaccharide; sometimes known as blood sugar in the body or dextrose in foods.
fructose
a monosaccharide; sometimes known as fruit sugar or levulose. Fructose is found abundantly in fruits, honey, and saps
galactose
a monosaccharide; part of the disaccharide lactose.
condensation
a chemical reaction in which water is released as two molecules combine to form one larger product
Hydrolysis
To break a disaccharide in two, a chemical reaction
maltose
a disaccharide composed of two glucose units; sometimes known as malt sugar
sucrose
a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose; commonly known as table sugar
lactose
a disaccharide composed of glucose and galactose; commonly known as milk suga
polysaccharide
compounds composed of many monosaccharides linked together. An intermediate string of 3 to 10 monosaccharides is an oligosaccharide.
what are 3 types polyaccharides?
glycogen, starches, and fibers.
glycogen
an animal polysaccharide composed of glucose; a storage form of glucose manufactured and stored in the liver and muscles
starch
The human body stores glucose as glycogen, but plant cells store glucose as starch.The human body stores glucose as glycogen, but plant cells store glucose as
List and discuss at least seven benefits of fiber :
Provides satiety (feeling of fullness) and consequently may help with weight loss.
By binding with cholesterol in digestion it may reduce the risk of heart disease and strokes.
Increases fecal (poop) fat content preventing its absorption.
Binds with bile salts and prevents their absorption, thus reducing cholesterol levels
May reduce the risk of colon cancer
May reduce the risk of developing diverticulitis, colitis and appendicitis.
May reduce the risk of developing hemorrhoids.
Reduces fasting blood sugar levels and may increase insulin sensitivity.
Reduces constipation
Discuss the cons if any of a higher fiber diet.
may not be able to eat enough food to meet energy or nutrient needs. abdominal discomfort, gas, and diarrhea and, more seriously, can obstruct the GI tract.
How does the body control blood sugar?
as blood glucose rises, special cells of the pancreas respond by secreting insulin (IN-suh-lin) into the blood
When blood glucose falls (as occurs between meals), other special cells of the pancreas respond by secreting glucagon (GLOO-ka-gon) into the blood
Gluconeogenesis
The conversion of protein to glucose
Know the different types of diabetes and the differences between them.
gestational diabetes(one you get during pregnant), type1(insulin dependent) & type2(body doesnt recognize insulin)
Explain protein digestion and absorption.
Digestion is facilitated mostly by the stomach’s acid and enzymes, which first denature dietary proteins, then cleave them into smaller polypeptides and some amino acids. Pancreatic and intestinal enzymes split these short polypeptides further, to tripeptides and dipeptides, and then split most of these to single amino acids. Then carriers in the membranes of intestinal cells transport the amino acids into the cells, where they are released into the bloodstream
Why is high protein low carbohydrate diets not recommended?
your body will consume itself, work organs over time
water always follows what?
protein
What roles do proteins play in the body?
building block, maintians protein turnover, anzymes, hormones, regulate blood pressure, fluid balance
What are the characteristics of Kwashiorkor and Marasmus?
skinny, blotchy pigmentation, very skinny, hair loss
What is the difference between essential and nonessential amino acids?
one is made by the body and the other is not and you have to get it from an outside source
Which amino acids are considered essential?
lineleic acid and lunelenic
peptide bond
a bond that connects the acid end of one amino acid with the amino end of another, forming a link in a protein chain
dipeptide
two amino acids bonded together.
tripeptide
three amino acids bonded together
polypeptide
10 or more amino acids bonded together
denaturation
changing the shape of protein and making it useless
monosaccarides
single sugars
disaccharide
pairs of monosaccarides
epinephrine
adrenaline
fiber
in plant foods, the nonstarch polysaccharides that are not digested by human digestive enzymes, although some are digested by GI tract bacteria.
amylase
enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates
hypoglycemia
an abnormally low blood glucose concentration
glycemic index
a method of classifying foods according to their potential for raising blood glucose
sugar alcohols
sugarlike compounds that can be derived from fruits or commercially produced from dextrose
What is the bodies energy back up system during times of stress?
small amount of glycogen
Know the differences between simple and complex carbohydrates
simpe=sugars
complex=starch and fibers
what sugar is in the green package
stevia (natrual)
what sugar is in the yellow package
sucralose (splenda)
what sugar is in the blue package
aspartane, not good
what sugar is in the pink package
saccharin (sweet n low) GRAS
monosaturated fatty acid
a fatty acid that lacks two hydrogen atoms and has one double bond between carbons; abbreviated MUFA.
polyunsaturated fatty acid
a fatty acid that lacks four or more hydrogen atoms and has two or more double bonds between carbons; abbreviated PUFA.
saturated fatty acid
a fatty acid carrying the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms
linoleic acid
an essential fatty acid with 18 carbons and two double bonds.
linolenic acid
an essential fatty acid with 18 carbons and three double bonds.
triglycerides
the chief form of fat in the diet and the major storage form of fat in the body;
hydrophilic
not afraid of water
hydrophobic
afraid of water
hydrogenation
where hydrogen’s are forcefully added on
cholesterol
one of the sterols containing a four-ring carbon structure with a carbon side chain
sterols
compounds containing a four-ring carbon structure with any of a variety of side chains attached
what is good cholesterol
HDL
what is bad cholesterol
LDL
Know the functions (roles) of fat in the body.
insulation, protection, energy storage
