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Bacteria cell structures Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

define glycoalyx/ capsule

A

gel like layer that adheres to external surface of the cell wall

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2
Q

what is the composition of the glycocalyx/ capsule?

A

polysaccharide (sugar), proteins, or both (glycoprotein)

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3
Q

what is the glycocalyx/ capsule other functions?

A
  1. )capsules protect bacteria cells from dehydration during periods of drying
  2. )capsules create a sticky surface on bacteria cell causing cells to adhere to each other
  3. )capsules mediate adherence of bacteria to host tissue surface aiding bacteria to establish infection
  4. )capsules protect bacteria from phagocytosis or engulfment by phagocytic cells
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4
Q

define phagocytosis

A

cellular “eating”

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5
Q

can some white blood cells carry out phagocytosis?

A

YES

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6
Q

which bacteria is easier to phagocytize?

A

unencapsulated

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7
Q

what does the cell wall’s composition depend on?

A

the bacteria

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8
Q

define peptidoglycan

A

a complex polysaccharide found in the cell wall of most (not all) bacteria

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9
Q

what does peptidoglycan provide?

A

rigidity to help maintain cell shape

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10
Q

what are examples of atypical bacteria?

A
  1. )archaebacteria have a cell wall but lack peptidoglycan (considered the oldest living organism on earth)
  2. )mycoplasma bacteria do NOT have a cell wall (has no definitive shape)
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11
Q

what are the cell wall functions?

A
  1. )Determines the shape of the bacteria cell
  2. )Protects cell from osmotic or water pressure changes
  3. )Holds the cell together and represents the external boundary of the cell
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12
Q

what color is the stain of a gram positive bacteria cell wall stain?

A

purple

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13
Q

what color is the stain of a gram negative bacteria cell wall stain?

A

pink-red

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14
Q

what 3 things do gram positive cell wall consist of?

A
  1. )peptidoglycan layer is 25 nanometers (nm) many layers
  2. )teichoic acid creates links between peptidoglycan layer
  3. )NO outer extra membrane
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15
Q

what 3 things do gram negative cell wall consist of?

A
  1. )peptidoglycan layer is 3 nanometer (nm) single layer
  2. )NO teichoic acid because there is only 1 layer of peptidoglycan
  3. )outer membrane: lipopoly- saccharide(LPS) bilayer
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16
Q

LPS molecule creates __________ membrane

A

selective

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17
Q

LPD can be _______ to animal or human in high quantities

A

TOXIC

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18
Q

can LPS elicit and immune response to help create immunity for future encounters?

A

YES

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19
Q

LPS can make bacteria cell _____ sensitive to certain antibiotics

A

LESS

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20
Q

what effect does penicillin have on the cell wall?

A

interferes with peptidoglycan linkages

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21
Q

what is the peptidoglycan content for gram positive cell wall?

A

80%-90% of cell wall

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22
Q

what is the peptidoglycan content for gram negative cell wall?

A

2%-12% of cell wall

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23
Q

are gram postive cell wall sensitive to penicilin?

24
Q

are gram negative cell wall sensitive to penicilin?

25
what is the cell membranes composition?
60% Protein - 40% Lipid
26
is the phosphate head hydrophilic?
YES
27
hydro=?
water
28
philic= ?
loving
29
are fatty acid cells hydrophobic?
YES BITCH
30
phobc=?
fearing
31
pphospholipid bilayer is embedded with ________
protein
32
which part of the phospholipid is facing out and which part is facing inward?
phosphate head is facing out because its hydrophilic. Fatty acid tail is facing inward because its hydrophobic.
33
does penicillin effect mycoplasmas? why or why no?
NO. because mycoplasma bacteria do NOT have a cell wall, there is no peptidoglycan to destroy, penicillin can not treat a mycoplasma infection
34
what are the functions of cell membrane?
1. )surrounds cytplasm 2. )boundary of cell 3. ) selective membrane 4. ) anchor DNA molecule (not necessary in eukaryotes because DNA is protected in nucleus) 5. )site of cell metabolism or ATP production
35
what is the composition of flagellum?
long strands of protein
36
what are the functions of flagellum?
1. )used for locomotion | 2. )establish infection
37
define positive chemotaxis
movement TOWARD a favorable environment such a food source
38
define negative chemotaxis
move AWAY from a harmful environment such as a toxic chemicals
39
what is the composition of pilus/ pili?
hollow tubes of protein
40
what type of structure is pilus/ pili?
rigid
41
does pilus/pili extend from cell?
YES
42
what is pilus/pili function?
1. ) NO role in motility 2. ) attach bacteria to body tissue 3. ) "sex" pili allow tranfer of DNA between bacteria cells (conjugation)
43
conjugation represents one way to do what?
one way that antibiotic resistance may be transferred between bacteria cells
44
what are the 5 contents of the cytoplasm?
1. )chromosome or DNA molecule 2. )plasmids 3. )ribosome 4. )storage granules a) metachromatic granule b)glycogen granule
45
define metachromatic granule
store extra phosphate
46
define glycogen granule
storage form of glucose
47
what is a plasmid?
small extra circular pieces of DNA not part of the main DNA chromosome
48
how plasmind are there per cell?
0-100 per bacteria cell
49
what do plasmids encode?
useful information such as antibiotic resistance
50
are ribosomes free floating in prokaryote cells?
YES
51
can endospore reproduce?
NO.
52
where can Metachromatic Granules be found in?
found in the cytoplasm of some bacteria such as the bacteria that cause Diphtheria disease
53
how can endspores be formed?
by certain sporm forming bacteria
54
define sporulation
reference to the production of 1 spore from 1 vegetative bacteria cell. It is always a 1 to 1 ratio.
55
what initiates spore formation?
reduced food supply or adverse environmental conditions

Microbiology (6 decks)

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