Personal And Social Development Ch3

Question 1

What can affect personality development? (5)

Answer 1

Temperament 
Parenting 
Culture 
Peers
Self-socialisation

Question 2

Describe temperament

Answer 2

The genetic predisposition to respond in particular ways to ones physical and social environment

Question 3

How to accodomate for students whit high energy levels

Answer 3

Minimise downtime between activities

Question 4

How to accommodate for shy students

Answer 4

Be warm and attentive

Question 5

How to accommodate for students who have difficulty adapting to new circumstances

Answer 5

Given advance notice of unusual activities and provide extra structure and reassurance

Question 6

How to accommodate for students who are overwhelemed by chaos and noise

Answer 6

Find or create calm or peaceful environment for them.

Question 7

How to accommodate for impulsive students

Answer 7

Teach self regulation

Question 8

Which students are more likely to have secure attachment to their parents.

Answer 8

The amiable affectionate independent self confident and cooperative ones

Question 9

What is culture?

Answer 9

The behaviour and belief systems of a long standing social group

Question 10

What is self socialisation

Answer 10

Tendency to integrate personal observations and others input into self constructed standards for behaviour and to choose actions accordingly.

Question 11

What is a sense of self

Answer 11

Perception beliefs judgements and feelings about who you are (self worth, self efficacy)

Question 12

Name three factors influencing the development of self view

Answer 12

Previous performance
Behaviour of others
Group membership and achievements

Question 13

What characterises the sense of self I’m childhood

Answer 13

Children focus on physical concrete characteristics

Question 14

What characterises the sense of self In early adolescence

Answer 14

Children’s focus turns to more general traits not as much emphasis on physical

Question 15

What characterises the sense of self In late adolescence

Answer 15

Majority of older adolescence have positive self concepts and overall mental health

Question 16

What are Erik eriksons eight stages of psychosocial development ?

Answer 16

Trust vs mistrust (infancy)
Autonomy vs shame (toddler)
Initiative vs guilt (preschool years)
Industry bs inferiority (elementary school years)
Identity vs told confusion (adolescence )
Intimacy vs isolation (young adulthood )
Generativity vs stagnation (middle adulthood )
Integrity vs despair (late adulthood )

Question 17

What are Marcia’s four statuses of identity?

Answer 17

Moratorium
Identity diffusion
Foreclosure
Identity achievement

Question 18

What is moratorium

Answer 18

Individual is searching for an identity, considering all the options available for a career and belief system

Question 19

What is identity diffusion

Answer 19

Individual has not made any commitments to a career or belief system nor has he considered them or engaged in exploratory behaviours

Question 20

Foreclosure

Answer 20

Individual has made a firm commitment to an occupation and belief system but has not engaged in any exploration of other alternatives

Question 21

What is identity achievement ?

Answer 21

Individual has gone though a period of moratorium and has emerged with commitment to a career and belief system

Question 22

Why are peer relationships important ?

Answer 22

They teach social skills and provide emotional support

Question 23

Describe friends

Answer 23

Friends are peers with whom we spend one on one time
Close friends are similar in age and usually the same sex and have same interests
Close friendships foster self esteem and provide a sense of identity.

Question 24

Name three types of peer groups

Answer 24

Cliques
Crowds
Gangs

Question 25

Describe cliques

Answer 25

Exclusive in nature | 3 to 10 individuals

Question 26

Describe crowds

Answer 26

Can take form of subculture

Question 27

Describe gangs

Answer 27

Cohesive social group characterised by initiation rites, distinctive clothing, etc.

Question 28

What are the benefits of romantic relationships ?

Answer 28

Companionship, affection and security | Opportunities to experiment with new social skills and interpersonal behaviours

Question 29

How are popular students viewed by others?

Answer 29

Kind and trustworthy

Question 30

What’s the difference between rejected and neglected kids

Answer 30

Rejected students are viewed as being undesirable social partners while neglected students almost seem invisible and have very few positive or negavirive rag rings

Question 31

What is social cognition

Answer 31

The ability to think about how other people are likely to think act and react

Question 32

How is theory of mind seen in childhood

Answer 32

Not until age 4 or 5 do children recognise that another person’s might have other thoughts

Question 33

How is theory of mind in adolescence?

Answer 33

Children recognise multiple feelings and thoughts even when they are contradictory

Question 34

How is theory of mind seen in late adolescence

Answer 34

Children are more in tune with others intentions and take time to decipher motives and consider Other perspective

Question 35

Boys display what kind of aggression

Answer 35

Physical aggression

Question 36

What kind of aggression do girls display

Answer 36

Relational aggression

Question 37

What is proactive aggression.

Answer 37

Initiating aggressive behaviour to reach a goal. Results in difficulty maintaining friendships and often being labelled as bullies

Question 38

What is reactive aggression ?

Answer 38

Aggressive reaction to provocation or frustration

Question 39

What are possible causes of aggression

Answer 39

``` Poor perspective taking skills Misinterpretation of social cues Prevalence of self serving goals Poor social problem solving skills Beliefs about appropriateness and effectiveness of aggression ```

Question 40

How to foster social skills?

Answer 40

Provide numerous opportunities for social interaction Plan cooperative activities Help students interpret social situations in an accurate and productive way Teach specific social skills, provide opportunities for students to practice them , and give feedback Label and praise appropriate behaviours when they occur Describe students as having desirable social behaviours Establish and enforce rules for acceptable classroom behaviour

Question 41

What is prospcial behaviour

Answer 41

Pro social behaviour is behaviour that is directed toward the well being of another

Question 42

What is morality

Answer 42

Ones general standards about right and wrong | Includes such traits as honesty, fairness, and respect for other people

Question 43

How do children evaluate behaviour at an early age?

Answer 43

They use an internal standard

Question 44

Fill in the blank: children increasingly distinguish between __________ and _________

Answer 44

Moral Coneventional transgression

Question 45

Children’s understanding of ___________ evolves throughout early and middle childhood

Answer 45

Fairness

Question 46

Children’s ability to respond emotionally to another’s ________ increases over the school years

Answer 46

Harm or distress

Question 47

Children increasingly take ___________ in their evaluation of \_______

Answer 47

Take circumstances into account Behaviour

Question 48

______ of the decision is more important than the ______

Answer 48

Why What

Question 49

What 2 distinct stages of reasoning (Piaget) did kohleberg draw on?

Answer 49

- morality of constraint: focuses on consequences and authority figures - morality of cooperation : focuses on intent

Question 50

What are the three levels in kohlbergs theory of moral reasoning?

Answer 50

Preconventional Conventional Postconventional

Question 51

What is the age range of people on thepreconventional stage?

Answer 51

Preschool-elementary. Some junior high; a few high school students

Question 52

What is the age range in the conventional stage?

Answer 52

Few older elementary, som | Junior high, many high school (stage 4 does not typically appear in high school )

Question 53

What is the age range of postconventional

Answer 53

Rarely seen before college (stage 6 is extremely rare)

Question 54

What are the stages in the preconventional level

Answer 54

Stage 1: avoidance of punishment | Stage 2: exchange of favours

Question 55

What are the stages in the conventional level

Answer 55

Atage 3: good child | Stage 4: law and order

Question 56

What are the stages in the postconventional level

Answer 56

Stwge 5: social contract | Stage 6: universal ethical principle

Question 57

What are the political and cultural biases in kohlbergs theory

Answer 57

Originally based only on interviews with individuals from western societies

Question 58

What are the gender biases observed in kohlbergs theory

Answer 58

Only studied hogs and men

Question 59

What are carol Gilligans criticisms of kohlbergs theory

Answer 59

Doesn’t include compassion and caring fro those in need as high development Females socialised to stress interpersonal relationships

Question 60

What are the factors that influence moral development ?

Answer 60

Moral reasoning Guilt, perspective taking, and empathy Personal motives Self perceptions

Question 61

How can one encourage moral behaviour and development in the classroom ?

Answer 61

Encourage and rewards prosocial behaviour Discuss the reason why some behaviour as inappropriate Model moral and prosocial behaviour Incorporate moral issues and dilemnas into classroom discussions Be sensitive to culture diffeeences Use induction Provide practice in recognising others’ emotional states Encourage prospective talking empathy and prosocial behaviour Expose students to numerous models Talks about moral issues and dilemnas Engage students in community service