Personal And Social Development Ch3 Flashcards
What can affect personality development? (5)
Temperament Parenting Culture Peers Self-socialisation
Describe temperament
The genetic predisposition to respond in particular ways to ones physical and social environment
How to accodomate for students whit high energy levels
Minimise downtime between activities
How to accommodate for shy students
Be warm and attentive
How to accommodate for students who have difficulty adapting to new circumstances
Given advance notice of unusual activities and provide extra structure and reassurance
How to accommodate for students who are overwhelemed by chaos and noise
Find or create calm or peaceful environment for them.
How to accommodate for impulsive students
Teach self regulation
Which students are more likely to have secure attachment to their parents.
The amiable affectionate independent self confident and cooperative ones
What is culture?
The behaviour and belief systems of a long standing social group
What is self socialisation
Tendency to integrate personal observations and others input into self constructed standards for behaviour and to choose actions accordingly.
What is a sense of self
Perception beliefs judgements and feelings about who you are (self worth, self efficacy)
Name three factors influencing the development of self view
Previous performance
Behaviour of others
Group membership and achievements
What characterises the sense of self I’m childhood
Children focus on physical concrete characteristics
What characterises the sense of self In early adolescence
Children’s focus turns to more general traits not as much emphasis on physical
What characterises the sense of self In late adolescence
Majority of older adolescence have positive self concepts and overall mental health
What are Erik eriksons eight stages of psychosocial development ?
Trust vs mistrust (infancy)
Autonomy vs shame (toddler)
Initiative vs guilt (preschool years)
Industry bs inferiority (elementary school years)
Identity vs told confusion (adolescence )
Intimacy vs isolation (young adulthood )
Generativity vs stagnation (middle adulthood )
Integrity vs despair (late adulthood )
What are Marcia’s four statuses of identity?
Moratorium
Identity diffusion
Foreclosure
Identity achievement
What is moratorium
Individual is searching for an identity, considering all the options available for a career and belief system
What is identity diffusion
Individual has not made any commitments to a career or belief system nor has he considered them or engaged in exploratory behaviours
Foreclosure
Individual has made a firm commitment to an occupation and belief system but has not engaged in any exploration of other alternatives
What is identity achievement ?
Individual has gone though a period of moratorium and has emerged with commitment to a career and belief system
Why are peer relationships important ?
They teach social skills and provide emotional support
Describe friends
Friends are peers with whom we spend one on one time
Close friends are similar in age and usually the same sex and have same interests
Close friendships foster self esteem and provide a sense of identity.
Name three types of peer groups
Cliques
Crowds
Gangs
Describe cliques
Exclusive in nature
3 to 10 individuals
Describe crowds
Can take form of subculture
Describe gangs
Cohesive social group characterised by initiation rites, distinctive clothing, etc.
What are the benefits of romantic relationships ?
Companionship, affection and security
Opportunities to experiment with new social skills and interpersonal behaviours
How are popular students viewed by others?
Kind and trustworthy
What’s the difference between rejected and neglected kids
Rejected students are viewed as being undesirable social partners while neglected students almost seem invisible and have very few positive or negavirive rag rings
What is social cognition
The ability to think about how other people are likely to think act and react
How is theory of mind seen in childhood
Not until age 4 or 5 do children recognise that another person’s might have other thoughts
How is theory of mind in adolescence?
Children recognise multiple feelings and thoughts even when they are contradictory
How is theory of mind seen in late adolescence
Children are more in tune with others intentions and take time to decipher motives and consider
Other perspective
Boys display what kind of aggression
Physical aggression
What kind of aggression do girls display
Relational aggression
What is proactive aggression.
Initiating aggressive behaviour to reach a goal. Results in difficulty maintaining friendships and often being labelled as bullies
What is reactive aggression ?
Aggressive reaction to provocation or frustration
What are possible causes of aggression
Poor perspective taking skills Misinterpretation of social cues Prevalence of self serving goals Poor social problem solving skills Beliefs about appropriateness and effectiveness of aggression
How to foster social skills?
Provide numerous opportunities for social interaction
Plan cooperative activities
Help students interpret social situations in an accurate and productive way
Teach specific social skills, provide opportunities for students to practice them , and give feedback
Label and praise appropriate behaviours when they occur
Describe students as having desirable social behaviours
Establish and enforce rules for acceptable classroom behaviour
What is prospcial behaviour
Pro social behaviour is behaviour that is directed toward the well being of another
What is morality
Ones general standards about right and wrong
Includes such traits as honesty, fairness, and respect for other people
How do children evaluate behaviour at an early age?
They use an internal standard
Fill in the blank: children increasingly distinguish between __________ and _________
Moral
Coneventional transgression
Children’s understanding of ___________ evolves throughout early and middle childhood
Fairness
Children’s ability to respond emotionally to another’s ________ increases over the school years
Harm or distress
Children increasingly take ___________ in their evaluation of \_______
Take circumstances into account
Behaviour
______ of the decision is more important than the ______
Why
What
What 2 distinct stages of reasoning (Piaget) did kohleberg draw on?
- morality of constraint: focuses on consequences and authority figures
- morality of cooperation : focuses on intent
What are the three levels in kohlbergs theory of moral reasoning?
Preconventional
Conventional
Postconventional
What is the age range of people on thepreconventional stage?
Preschool-elementary. Some junior high; a few high school students
What is the age range in the conventional stage?
Few older elementary, som
Junior high, many high school (stage 4 does not typically appear in high school )
What is the age range of postconventional
Rarely seen before college (stage 6 is extremely rare)
What are the stages in the preconventional level
Stage 1: avoidance of punishment
Stage 2: exchange of favours
What are the stages in the conventional level
Atage 3: good child
Stage 4: law and order
What are the stages in the postconventional level
Stwge 5: social contract
Stage 6: universal ethical principle
What are the political and cultural biases in kohlbergs theory
Originally based only on interviews with individuals from western societies
What are the gender biases observed in kohlbergs theory
Only studied hogs and men
What are carol Gilligans criticisms of kohlbergs theory
Doesn’t include compassion and caring fro those in need as high development
Females socialised to stress interpersonal relationships
What are the factors that influence moral development ?
Moral reasoning
Guilt, perspective taking, and empathy
Personal motives
Self perceptions
How can one encourage moral behaviour and development in the classroom ?
Encourage and rewards prosocial behaviour
Discuss the reason why some behaviour as inappropriate
Model moral and prosocial behaviour
Incorporate moral issues and dilemnas into classroom discussions
Be sensitive to culture diffeeences
Use induction
Provide practice in recognising others’ emotional states
Encourage prospective talking empathy and prosocial behaviour
Expose students to numerous models
Talks about moral issues and dilemnas
Engage students in community service
