Individual Differences And Special Educational Needs Ch5

Question 1

What are individual differences ?

Answer 1

Variability in abilities and characteristics among students at a particular age

Question 2

What are students with special needs

Answer 2

Students different enough from their peers to require specially adapted materials and practice

Question 3

What is the purpose of labelling?

Answer 3

Labels assist teachers in selecting appropriate instructional strategies

Question 4

The difficulty of labelling is :

Answer 4

Label can be misused and misunderstood

Labels do not define a person.

Question 5

Where do differences originate from?

Answer 5

Most are the result of both hereditary and the environment

Question 6

Define intelligence

Answer 6

Ability to modify and adjust behaviours to accomplish tasks successfully. Involves many different mental processes. May vary in nature depending on pens culture.

Question 7

Intelligence…

Answer 7

Is adaptive
Can be related to learning ability
Involves the use of prior knowledge to analyse and understand new situations.
Involves many different mental processes
Is evident in different arenas
Is culture specific

Question 8

What are the limitation of intelligence tests ? (6)

Answer 8

• different kinds of intelligence tests may yield different scores.
• students’ performance is affected by many temporary factors, such as general health, mood, fatigue, etc.
• test items typically reflect skills values in mainstream western culture.
• unfamiliarity with the content or types of tasks in particular test items may yield poor performance
• students with limited English proficiency are at a disadvantage
• some students may not be motivated to perform at their best and so may obtain scores that underestimate their ability

Question 9

What is soearmans’s g theory of intelligence

Answer 9

Theory that inellligence is a single entity, a general factor that influences ones ability to learn in a wide variety of contexts

Question 10

What is information processing theory (spearman’s g) ?

Answer 10

Information processing rheorists believe that g reflects the speed and efficient with which people can process information learning take and problems

Question 11

What is Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences?

Answer 11

And individual has at least 8 different intelligences that are relatively independent.

Question 12

What are the gardeners eight intelligences?

Answer 12

Linguistic 
Musical 
Interpersonal 
Logical mathematic 
Bodily kinaesthetic
Naturalistic 
Spatial 
Interpersonal

Question 13

What are the theee components of sternberg’s triarchy theory?

Answer 13

Prior experience
Environmental contexts
Cognitive processing

Question 14

What does sternbergs component prior experience deal with?

Answer 14

Deals with a new situation by drawing on past experience

Deals with a familiar situation quickly and efficiently

Question 15

What is the purpose of sternbergs component environmental context?

Answer 15

Adapts behaviour to fit the environment
Adapts the environment to fit ones needs
Selects and environment conductive to success

Question 16

What is the purpose of cognitive processes in sternbergs triarchy theory

Answer 16

Interprets new situations in useful ways
Separates important info from irrelevant details
Identifies effective problem solving strategies
Finds relationships among seemingly different ideas
Make effective use of feedback
Applies other cognitive processes as well

Question 17

What is distributed intelligence?

Answer 17

Distributed intelligence is rbr idea that intelligent behaviour depends on ppls physical and social support system

Question 18

How can people have their intelligence distributed ?

Answer 18

Three can use objects such as technology
They can represent and thejnk about situations they encounter in a symbolic manner such as in the use of diagrams and charts
They can work with others to explode ideas and solve problems

Question 19

What do intelligence tests give?

Answer 19

GenerAl measure of current cognitive functioning after used in a predictive manner.

Question 20

What are the important points to remember about iq test

Answer 20

Intelligence does not necessarily cause achievement (although it is correlated with school achievement )

• the relationship between IQ scores and achievement is not perfect; there are always exceptions to the rule
• IQscores simply reflect a students perfomamce on a particular test at a particular time

Question 21

What are cognitive styles and dispositions (aka learning styles)

Answer 21

Individual differences in the way that students approach classroom tasks and think about classroom topics

Question 22

Individual with disabilities education act guarantees….

Answer 22

A free and appropriate education 
Fair and non discriminatory evaluation 
Education in the least restrictive environment 
Individualised education program 
Due process

Question 23

Learning disabilities students comprise….

Answer 23

The largest single category of students with special need

Question 24

Learning disabilities students may have

Answer 24

Difficulty sustaining attention

Question 25

Learning disabilities students have

Answer 25

- average Or above IQ but specific deficiencies - poor reading skills - ineffective learning/memory strategies - difficulty with tasks involving abstract reasoning - poor motor skills (not always) - poor social skills (not always)

Question 26

Strategies for adapting instruction for students with learning disabilties include

Answer 26

Mini mixing potentially distracting stimuli Using multiple methods of presentation Analysing students errors doe clues about processing difficulties Teaching learning and memory strategies Providing study aids

Question 27

What are the characteristics of children with ADHD

Answer 27

- inattentiveness, hyperactivity, and impulsive behaviour - cognitive processing difficulties - poor school achievement - exceptional imagination and creativity - difficulty interpreting and reasoning about social situations - few friendships

Question 28

Strategies for adapting instruction do students with ADHD

Answer 28

Giving the most challenging academic subjects and task in the morning. Teaching attention maintaining strategies Providing outlets for excessive energy Helping them establish routines Teaching and encouraging appropriate classroom behaviour

Question 29

Speech and hearing communication disorders have what characteristics?

Answer 29

Difficulty speaking, particularly in public | Poor reading/writing skills

Question 30

What are the strategies to adapt instruction for students with speech and communication disorders

Answer 30

Encouraging regular oral communication Asking for clarification when a message is unclear Providing a supportive environment for public speaking Listening patiently so that students have adequate time to express themselves

Question 31

What are the characteristics of a student with social or behavioural problems?

Answer 31

Difficulty interacting in socially acceptable ways Difficulty maintaining satisfactory interpersonal relationships Low self esteem Frequent absences Inability to recognise the severity of problems

Question 32

What are strategies for adapting instruction for students with social or behavioural problems ?

Answer 32

``` Being alert for problems at home Making classroom events/topics relevent Showing a personal interest in student Being alert for suicudal signs Teaching interpersonal skills Being clear about expectation Identifying problems ```

Question 33

What is autism ?

Answer 33

It is a disability characterises by impaired social interaction and communication, repetitive behaviours, restricted interests? And a strong need for a predictable environment

Question 34

Students with autism often have

Answer 34

``` Strong visual-spatial thinking skills Impaired social cognition Echolalia Strong attachment to certain inanimate objects Abnormal ```

Question 35

Adapting instruction for students with physical and or sensory challenges can

Answer 35

Be sensitive Learn about physical condition of student Educate the classmates about the condition Refer to text for specific recommendation for each type of deficit

Question 36

Adapting instruction for gifted students includes

Answer 36

Providing individualised tests and assignments Foemainf study groups of students with similar interests and abilities Teaching complex cognitive skills within the context of specific subject areas. Providing opportunities for independent study Encouraging students to set high goals Seeking outside resources