Cognitive And Linguistic Development Ch 2

Question 1

What is development ?

Answer 1

Development is the changes (physical, cognitive and social) occurring throughout the lifespan that are orderly and adaptive.

Question 2

What is maturation?

Answer 2

It is the genetically programmed aspects of development

Question 3

Why are the basic principle of development ?

Answer 3

• development proceeds in a somewhat orderly and predictable pattern.
• different children develop at different rates
• development occurs via both spurts and plateaus
• development is continually affected by both nature and nurture

Question 4

What is the role of the brain in cognitive development ?

Answer 4

• Learning involves changes in neuroma and synapses
• developmental changes in the brain enable increasingly complex and efficient thought
• the brain remains adaptable throughout life

Question 5

What are the 6 basic assumptions in piagets theory ?

Answer 5

• children are active and motivated learners
• children construct knowledge from their experiences
• children learn through assimilation and accommodation
• interaction with ones physical and social environment is essential for cognitive development
• the process of equilibriation promotors progression towards increasingly complex thought
• cognitive development is stage like in nature

Question 6

What is assimilation

Answer 6

Assimilation entails dealing with a new object or event in a way that is consistent with s currently existing scheme.

Question 7

What is accommodation ?

Answer 7

Accommodation occurs when a new information doesn’t for into existing schemes; the schemes must be adjusted or accommodated

Question 8

What is equilibration?

Answer 8

It is the movement from equilibrium to disequilibrium and back to equilibrium, a process that promotes development of more complex thought and understanding.

Question 9

What are piagets four stages?

Answer 9

Sensorimotor stage
Preoperational stage
Concrete operations stage
Formal operation stage

Question 10

What is the first stage in piagets theory ?

Answer 10

Sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 ) 
Schemes are based primarily on behaviours and perceptions; the child is focused on the here and now

Question 11

Describe piagets second stage

Answer 11

Preoperational stage (2 to 6/7) schemes now represent objects beyond a child’s immediate view, but the child does not yet reason in logical, adultlike ways

Question 12

What is piagets third stage ?

Answer 12

Concrete operational stage (6/7 to 11/12$ adultlike B.I.G. is limited to reasoning about concrete reality

Question 13

What is piagets fourth stage?

Answer 13

Formal operational stage (11/12 to 2 ) logical reasoning processes are applied to abstract rates as well as concrete objects.

Question 14

How is is the sensorimotor stage characterised ?

Answer 14

By infants using senses and motor skills do explore the world.

Question 15

What are three key points about the sensorimotor stage?

Answer 15

• Begins with reflexes and ends with a complex combination of sensory and motor skills combination.
• major cognitive development milestones include object permanence and an understanding of cause/effect relationships
• symbolic thought, the ability to represent and think about external objects and events, emerges toward the end of the second year

Question 16

What characterises the preoperational stage?

Answer 16

The rapid development of language which allows for more social interaction with

Question 17

What are the three limits of preoperational thought ?

Answer 17

• egocentrism:
• lack of conservation
• transductive reasoning

Question 18

What is egocentrism In the preoperational stage ?

Answer 18

Inability to view situations from another’s perspective

Question 19

What is lack of conservation In the preoperational stage ?

Answer 19

Inability to realise that If nothing is added or taken away, the amount stays the same regardless of alterations in shape or appearance

Question 20

What is transductivw reasoning In the preoperational stage ?

Answer 20

Inference of a cause effect relationship simply bc two events occur close together in time and space

Question 21

Describe the concrete operations stage

Answer 21

• children begin to think more logically and demonstrate deductive reasoning
• conservation of liquid -7
• conservation of substance-8
• conservation of area-9/10
• children are able to learn classification, seriation, and are able to reverse operations which allows for the teaching of mathematics
• however, children cannot apply newfound logic to non-concrete items

Question 22

Describe the formal operations stage ?

Answer 22

Now able to reason logically about abstract and hypothetical ideas.
Limitations include excessive idealism.
Formal operational egocentrism.

Question 23

What are the current perspectives on piaget

Answer 23

• sequence of stages is supported but the ages are debatable
• may have underestimated young children’s cognitive abilities but overestimate those of adolescence.
• may have overemphasised the importance of interaction with physical environment
• social interaction may be more influential

Question 24

How can we apply piagets theory (5)

Answer 24

• provide hands on experience with physical objects
• when students show signs of egocentric thoughts. Expressed confusion explain that others think differently
• ask students to explain their reasoning and challenge illogical explanations.
• be sure that students have adequate knowledge and skills before moving on to more complex topics and activities
• relatw abstract and hypothetical ideas to concrete objects and/or observable events

Question 25

What are six of vygotsky’s basic assumptions ?

Answer 25

• through both informal and formal schooling, adults can convey ways in which their culture interprets and responds to the world
• thought and language become increasingly interdependent in first few years of life
• complex mental processes begin as social activities and then progress to internalised processes
• children can perform more challenging tasks when assisted
• challenging tasks promote maximum cognitive growth.
• play allows children to stretch themselves cognitivedly

Question 26

What is the zone of proximal development ?

Answer 26

• the ransge is tasks that a child can perform with the help and guidance of others but cannot yet perform independently
• students working on challenging tasks in collaboration with a more competent partner

Question 27

What are the current perspectives on vygotsky (3)

Answer 27

• educators embrace vygotskys ideas on the role of culture in cognitive development
• research supports vygotskys beliefs about the importance of language in cognitive development
• vygotskys theory introduces the well supported concepts of mediated learning, scaffolding and cognitive tools

Question 28

What are seven ways we can apply vygotskys theory ?

Answer 28

• encourages students to talk themselves through difficult tasks
• provide cognitive tools that students can use to make difficult tasks easier.
• present some tasks that students can perform successfully only with assistance
• provide sufficient scaffolding to enable students to attempt to perform challenging tasks.
• have students work in small groups on complex tasks
• provide opportunities to engage in adult like activities
• give young children time to practice adult roles and behaviour through play

Question 29

Explain the development of vocabulary

Answer 29

-children learn semantics, the meaning of words and word combinations, through direct vocabulary instructions
At schools and by inferring meaning from the context in which they hear them words.
-common errors include undergeneralization/overgeneralisation
-teachers can promote semantic development by having students define new vocabulary in their own words

Question 30

What are pragmatics?

Answer 30

Knowledges about culture-specific social conventions guiding verbal interactions

Question 31

What is meta linguistic awareness?

Answer 31

The extent to which one can think about the nature of language

Question 32

What is bilingual education ?

Answer 32

Students are instructed in academic subjects in their native language while simultaneously being taught to speak and write a second language.