Cognitive And Linguistic Development Ch 2 Flashcards
What is development ?
Development is the changes (physical, cognitive and social) occurring throughout the lifespan that are orderly and adaptive.
What is maturation?
It is the genetically programmed aspects of development
Why are the basic principle of development ?
- development proceeds in a somewhat orderly and predictable pattern.
- different children develop at different rates
- development occurs via both spurts and plateaus
- development is continually affected by both nature and nurture
What is the role of the brain in cognitive development ?
- Learning involves changes in neuroma and synapses
- developmental changes in the brain enable increasingly complex and efficient thought
- the brain remains adaptable throughout life
What are the 6 basic assumptions in piagets theory ?
- children are active and motivated learners
- children construct knowledge from their experiences
- children learn through assimilation and accommodation
- interaction with ones physical and social environment is essential for cognitive development
- the process of equilibriation promotors progression towards increasingly complex thought
- cognitive development is stage like in nature
What is assimilation
Assimilation entails dealing with a new object or event in a way that is consistent with s currently existing scheme.
What is accommodation ?
Accommodation occurs when a new information doesn’t for into existing schemes; the schemes must be adjusted or accommodated
What is equilibration?
It is the movement from equilibrium to disequilibrium and back to equilibrium, a process that promotes development of more complex thought and understanding.
What are piagets four stages?
Sensorimotor stage
Preoperational stage
Concrete operations stage
Formal operation stage
What is the first stage in piagets theory ?
Sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 ) Schemes are based primarily on behaviours and perceptions; the child is focused on the here and now
Describe piagets second stage
Preoperational stage (2 to 6/7) schemes now represent objects beyond a child’s immediate view, but the child does not yet reason in logical, adultlike ways
What is piagets third stage ?
Concrete operational stage (6/7 to 11/12$ adultlike B.I.G. is limited to reasoning about concrete reality
What is piagets fourth stage?
Formal operational stage (11/12 to 2 ) logical reasoning processes are applied to abstract rates as well as concrete objects.
How is is the sensorimotor stage characterised ?
By infants using senses and motor skills do explore the world.
What are three key points about the sensorimotor stage?
- Begins with reflexes and ends with a complex combination of sensory and motor skills combination.
- major cognitive development milestones include object permanence and an understanding of cause/effect relationships
- symbolic thought, the ability to represent and think about external objects and events, emerges toward the end of the second year
What characterises the preoperational stage?
The rapid development of language which allows for more social interaction with
What are the three limits of preoperational thought ?
- egocentrism:
- lack of conservation
- transductive reasoning
What is egocentrism In the preoperational stage ?
Inability to view situations from another’s perspective
What is lack of conservation In the preoperational stage ?
Inability to realise that If nothing is added or taken away, the amount stays the same regardless of alterations in shape or appearance
What is transductivw reasoning In the preoperational stage ?
Inference of a cause effect relationship simply bc two events occur close together in time and space
Describe the concrete operations stage
- children begin to think more logically and demonstrate deductive reasoning
- conservation of liquid -7
- conservation of substance-8
- conservation of area-9/10
- children are able to learn classification, seriation, and are able to reverse operations which allows for the teaching of mathematics
- however, children cannot apply newfound logic to non-concrete items
Describe the formal operations stage ?
Now able to reason logically about abstract and hypothetical ideas.
Limitations include excessive idealism.
Formal operational egocentrism.
What are the current perspectives on piaget
- sequence of stages is supported but the ages are debatable
- may have underestimated young children’s cognitive abilities but overestimate those of adolescence.
- may have overemphasised the importance of interaction with physical environment
- social interaction may be more influential
How can we apply piagets theory (5)
- provide hands on experience with physical objects
- when students show signs of egocentric thoughts. Expressed confusion explain that others think differently
- ask students to explain their reasoning and challenge illogical explanations.
- be sure that students have adequate knowledge and skills before moving on to more complex topics and activities
- relatw abstract and hypothetical ideas to concrete objects and/or observable events
