perrsonality change

Question 1

Freud 1923

Answer 1

personality fixed at 5

Question 2

Erikson 1950,

Answer 2

continuous throughtout time, mostly at adolescence

Question 3

James 1980

Answer 3

develops and set like plaster at 30

Question 4

McCrae 1999

Answer 4

agrees with James

Question 5

Lewis 1999 -

Answer 5

not in agreement with McCrae and James, not consistent through time - environmental influence only determinant

Question 6

rank order consistency

Answer 6

Where things are placed throughout time

Question 7

Test retest correlation

Question 8

mean level change

Question 9

individual differences

Question 10

harbour analogy

Question 11

Mean level change in personaloty change

Answer 11

Cross-sectional Studies: measures different people at different ages at one point in time. Can also be culture. Research shows that personality traits show reliable patterns of cross-sectional mean level changes with age- similar across genders, cultures, and nations.

Question 12

McCrae et al (1999) study

Answer 12

a study measured personality traits from 18-83 age. Consistent pattern of changes emerged. Older pts scored higher on conscientiousness & agreeableness, and lower on extraversion, neuroticism, and openness to experience.

Question 13

Conclusions about personality development:

Answer 13

Most mean-level personality trait change occurs between the ages of 20-40.
= Personality traits continue to change, even in old age.
= Time has a positive effect on personality-trait change.
= The changes that take place tend to be in a positive direction (becoming more socially mature as you get older).

Question 14

individual differences in personality traits, Success, unsuccessful, abuse

Answer 14

Factors responsible for individual differences in personality trait change: different environments (Roberts. 1971)
= More success and satisfaction in one’s work is associated w/ increase in conscientiousness & extraversion and decreases in Neuroticism.
= Workers that participated in counterproductive work behaviours (eg. stealing at work, fighting with co-workers) showed the opposite pattern of change.
= Young adults in dissatisfying and abusive relationships tend to become more neurotic and less agreeable. Married women that experience marital tension was more likely to increase in neuroticism and decrease in conscientiousness and well-being

Question 15

A03 Roberts and Delveccio research

Answer 15

= Roberts & DelVeccio (2000) conducted a meta-analysis examining 152 longitudinal studies that used test-retest correlations using the Big Five of personality traits.
= Inclusion criteria: measures of dispositional variables- the Big 5, test-retest interval of at least one year & non-clinical sample.

Question 16

Findings of DelVeccio

Answer 16

Child trait consistency was higher for:
Agreeableness/adaptability, equally consistent for task persistence, negative emotionally, social approach/withdrawal.
Least consistent was activity level.
Adult trait consistency: extraversion and agreeableness was moderate. Conscientiousness and neuroticism was moderate as well.
* - Rank order-consistency ranged modestly.
= Personality traits become more conistent as they grow older through the two tests. However, rank-order consistency never reached perfection meaning that there is space for traits to still change.
=Traits change in teenage years and young adulthood the most.