bio basis

Question 1

structural imaging studies 1 damage to dorsolateral pre frontal cortex Forbes 2014

Answer 1

Damage to the left DLPFC
associated with high neuroticism
and low conscientiousness
* Findings suggest that neuroticism
and conscientiousness (although
psychometrically independent
personality dimensions)
potentially rely on a common
neural structure

Question 2

structural brain image 2 high neuroticism in DLPFC

Answer 2

High levels of
neuroticism
associated with low
cortical folding of the
left DLPFC (Schultz et
al., 2017)

Question 3

Structural brain image 3 117 ppl and cortico limbic brain diff.

Answer 3

Structural brain images of 117 participants (Eijndhoven et al., 2017)
* Neuroticism is accompanied by cortico-limbic brain differences
* Higher neuroticism scores were predicted by thinning of the left OFC and a
smaller volume of the right amygdala

Question 4

trait (Hans)

Answer 4

extraversion, neuroticism, psychoticism added later. Hans Eyesenck

Question 5

Bio basis for traits

Question 6

Effects of having high low 2 dimensions Extra and Neuroticism

Answer 6

High N, high E = Choleric type
High N, low E = Melancholic type
Low N, high E = Sanguine type
Low N, low E = Phlegmatic type

Question 7

Position of e & N

Answer 7

• Position on Extraversion spectrum dependent
  on cortical arousal
• Position on Neuroticism spectrum dependent
  on limbic system activity

Question 8

extraversion and Neuroticsim and their bio effects.

Answer 8

• Balance of “inhibition” and “excitation” in the brain - extraversion
• Dimension that ranges from calm to nervous
• Since every individual tested fits on the dimension of normalityto-neuroticism dimension, it is a genetically-based,
  physiologically-supported dimension of personality
  There are individual differences in sympathetic nervous system
  (fight or flight) responsivity
• Individuals with sympathetic hyperactivity are candidates for
  the various ‘neurotic’ disorders e.g., panic attacks - neuroticism

Question 9

A03 +imaging studies

Answer 9

• Some sugges brain structure / function different for Extravert vs Inrovert

Question 10

+ 3 behavioural studies

Answer 10

• introverts choose a lower level of noise than do extraverts
• extraverts take more pauses during
• repetitive tasks due to boredom
  introverts require more depressant drugs

Question 11

• arousal unclear

Answer 11

• Fear does not = sweating, trembling, have increased heart rates, increased
  pupil size universally (very few show all, Kreibig, 2010)

Question 12

five factor model

Answer 12

resting state fmri data from 810 young adults. measured activation patterns and if they can predict OCEAN;
YES: Openness, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism
NO: (not Extraversion) in new participants.

Question 13

Gray 1981 RST

Answer 13

proposed three
neurological systems as underlying
personality
* behavioral approach system (BAS)
* behavioral inhibition system (BIS)
+ instinctive Fight-Flight-Freeze (FFS)

Question 14

BAS

Answer 14

Behavioral Approach System (BAS)
* underlying system for impulsivity
* Signals impending reward
* Triggers approach behaviour
* People with high impulsivity are highly sensitive to reward

Question 15

BIS

Answer 15

• underlying neurological system for anxiety
• Signals punishment
• Triggers inhibition and withdrawal from threat
• people with high anxiety are highly sensitive to signals of
  punishment

Question 16

FFS

Answer 16

• underlying neurological system for response to threat
• Escape behaviour
• When is defensive behaviour triggered?

Question 17

A03 Ravelle cafeine study

Answer 17

Revelle, moderate doses of caffeine hindered the performance of introverts and helped the performance of extraverts on a cognitive task. - affected by time of day, early morning. Pattern reversed in evening, groups differed in the phase of their diurnal arousal rhythms. Low impulses aroused in morning and less in eve - grays theory.

Question 18

Contributions to one trait

Answer 18

Genetics
Shared environment
Non shred environments

Question 19

Types of genetic variance; additive

Answer 19

total effect of a trait stemming from one or more gene loci, each locus contributes to the trait in a measurable way

Question 20

Types of genetic variance; dominant

Answer 20

some genes arent expressed but some are

Question 21

Types of genetic variance; epistatic

Answer 21

genes and environment can interact and particular genes are expressed in certain circumstances

Question 22

adoption studies

Answer 22

non random environment of mz twins adopted away, Mz twins raised together treated atypically, Mz twins raised together behave atypically.

Question 23

pre natal environment

Answer 23

Separate placentas = 19% Mz and 58% DZ. fused 13% MZ 42% DZ and single is 68% MZ.

Question 24

DrD4 genetic

Answer 24

DrD4 gene linked to dopamine and novelty seeking, impulsivity but not extraversion. Dopamine genes work in concert to explain 6.6% of variation in sensation seeking behaviours.

Question 25

animal personality theory; examples of ocean

Answer 25

C - who to trust w important tasks
O and E - social hierarchy.
A - index of an individuals willingness to cooperate and to conform to group norms.

Question 26

APT evolutionary

Answer 26

Thoughts feelings and behaviours increased the relative survival and reproduction of ancestors.
“Manifesting certain thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in certain contexts increased ancestral humans’ abilities to out-survive and out-reproduce less successful conspecifics The offspring of these ancestors had some probability of inheriting the genetic structure coding for the development of the psychological mechanisms that in response to certain cues produce that same pattern of thoughts, feelings, and behaviours This process continued throughout human evolutionary history such that patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviours guided by the evolved psychological mechanisms are species-typical and encompass what we call human nature””

Question 27

APT difference to perosnality

Answer 27

APT focuses on similarites, personality does not

Question 28

Gosling Hyenas 2001

Answer 28

assertiveness, excitability, agreeableness, sociability, curiosity

Question 29

Gosling multispecies 1999

Answer 29

19 studies with many species from ape like animals to dog like animals, felines, and others. 17/19 extraversion factor, 15/9 N, 14/19 A. openness is pig, hyenas, monkeys and chimps but C is only chimps.

Question 30

APT the divide

Answer 30

The divide centers around the fact that evolutionary psychology focus on how we are the same but personality psychology does not… if natural selection is meant to remove the less successful why are we different.