Peripheral Vascular System and Lymphatics Flashcards
What are the 2 main factors of blood flow?
- Pressure differences- BP, venous return
- vascular resistance- friction between blood and vessel walls
What are arterioles?
They regulate resistance.
What are arteries?
Deliver oxygenated blood. They run deeper than veins. They stretch and contract with systole/diastole to generate our pulse. High P system and their walls are strong/fibrous.
What are the artery sites?
Carotid (neck), temporal, brachial, ulnar, radial, femoral, popliteal (behind knee), posterior tibial (by ankle), and dorsalis pedis (on top of foot).
What are capillaries?
Exchange work of cardiovascular system. They filter blood and bring oxygen/ntrients to cells in exchange for CO2 and waste. Smallest blood vessel. Exchange vessels by diffusion, transcystosis, and bulk flow.
What are veins?
Return deoxygenated blood and act as reservoir. Blood can pool in these and veins stretch and cause edema. Have valves and don’t have high blood pressure. Have thinner walls.
What are the 3 types of veins?
Deep- conduct most venous return
Superficial- great and small saphenous veins
Perforator- have 1 way valves, connecting veins that join two sets of
What are the major veins?
Major deep veins: Brachiocephalic, brachial, radial/ulnar, internal jugular (external is superficial), iliac, femoral, popliteal, great/small saphenous (superficial).
How do veins keep blood moving?
By intraluminal valves to ensure unidirectional flow, contracting skeletal muscles move blood proximally back to heart, calf muscles help return blood to heart (milks it back). Respiratory pressure changes help move blood back up into heart (increased abdominal pressure and decreased thoracic pressure).
What is blood flow through vessels?
Arteries to arterioles to capillaries to venule to veins.
What are lymph vessels?
Have valves to support unidirectional flow, single ended capillaries/trunks/nodes/vessels. All drain into right lymphatic duct or thoracic duct. Lymph help return 15% of excess (interstitial) fluid to bloodstream and help us fight infection and absorb fat from our gut.
What are lymph nodes?
Lymphatic tissue at intervals along vessels that filter fluid before it returns to blood. Cervical (drain head or neck), axillary (drain breast and upper arm), epitrochlear (drain head and lower arm), and inguinal (drain lower extremity).
Where does the thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct empty into?
RLD- empties into R subclavian vein and drain right side of body from waist up
TD- drains rest of body/lower extremities
What do the spleen, tonsils, and thymus gland do?
Spleen- destroys old RBC, produce antibodies, store RBC, filter micro-organisms from blood
Tonsils- respond to local inflammation, have immune response to some ingested/inhaled stuff
Thymus gland- large in fetus/kids until after puberty, develops T lymphocytes
What is arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis?
Arteriosclerosis- blood vessels grow rigid/hard, happens with age and cause increased BP
Atherosclerosis- deposition of fatty plaques and hardening of blood vessels
Subjective data for lymph/PVS?
Leg pain/cramps, skin changes on arms/legs, swelling in arms/legs, lymph node enlargement, or medications.
What is normal capillary refill time?
Between 1-2 seconds.
What is normal for calf measurement?
Width less than 1. Anything greater than that is abnormal.
What is the scale for pre tibial edema?
1+ mild (slight indent), 2+ moderate (indentation subsides), 3+ deep (indent remains for short time, leg swollen), 4+ very deep (ident lasts long time, swelling).
What is raynaud’s disease?
Arteries to hands spasm and cut off blood supply. Tri colour change is expected (red, pallor, cyanosis). If it’s long term then we become worried.
What is an ischemic and venous stasis ulcer?
IU- is an arterial ulcer that has lack of blood flow, round/clean borders, not leaky/bleeding
VSU- because of venous problems, lower leg swollen, rough/uneven edges, bleeding
What are varicose veins?
Swollen veins that lie under skin usually in legs. Caused by incompetent valves and blood will pool in veins.
What is PAD and DVT?
PAD- Weakening in vessel wall and blood vessel is prone to rupture (aneurysm), cause caludication pain, occlusions
DVT- red, swollen, warm, pain, tender are symptoms
What is caludication?
Muscle pain due to lack of oxygen. Triggered by activity (walking) and relieved by rest.
What is virchows triad?
3 factors that contribute to venous thrombus formation. Loose integrity of vessel wall, alterations in blood flow, and alteration in blood constituents.
What is orthostatic hypotension?
Drop in BP, dizzy/light headed/nausea/faint when patient changes from sitting to standing.
How to prevent venous stasis?
Make sure pt. is moving to keep blood moving, assess circulation at toes.
ICP- air pumped to sleeves on legs. allow room for 2 fingers. will compress and decompress legs to encourage blood flow.
Elastic stockings- measure in am before getting out of bed, turn sock inside out to apply, no folds/creases, 2 fingers below knee and 2 fingers above toes
Is the lymphatic system more active in kids?
Yes, Should be able to feel palpable lymph nodes.
Purpose of TED stockings?
To apply pressure and improve circulation. Also keep skin warm and dry.
