Neurological system 1 Flashcards
What is the nervous system divided into?
CNS- brain, spinal cord, contains upper motor neurons
PNS- nervous tissue outside CNS (spinal and cranial nerves, contains lower motor neurons
What are the 3 groups of the nervous system?
- Sensory- detect stimuli
- Integrative- processes information and decides what to do
- Motor- activation of muscle, organs, and glands
What is the cerebrum and cerebral cortex?
Cerebrum- seat of intelligence, lets us read/write/speak/creativity (divided into 2 hemispheres)
Cerebral cortex- outer grey layer of cerebrum, contains most motor and sensory neurons
What are the 4 cerebral cortex lobes?
Frontal- voluntary movement, personality, emotions, contains Broca’s area (ability to express speech)
Parietal- primary sensation centre
Occipital- visual receptor centre
Temporal- primary auditory centre, contains Wernickes area (ability to understand words/organize them
What does crossed representation mean?
Left side of brain communicates with right side. When you do something on one side of your body the other side of your brain is usually behind that process (move right arm, left side of brain).
What is basal ganglia and corpus callosum?
BG- dark pockets of neurons that control automatic movement (like arms swinging)
CC- neural fibres that connect hemispheres
What is the thalamus and hypothalamus?
T- major relay station, receives sensory stimuli, pain perception, regulate movement
H- regulates hormones, body temperature, pain, appetite, sleep, regulates homeostasis
What does the cerebellum do?
It blends skilled movement. Posture/balance. Doesn’t start movement but it coordinates it. Sensitive to alcohol.
What does the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata do?
Midbrain connects spinal cord to thalamus/hypothalamus. Pons is where ascending/descending tracts gather. MO is vital. It controls HR, RR, vomit, coughing, sneezing.
What is the spinal cord?
Main pathway. Has grey matter (site of integration) and white matter (sensory and motor tracts). Has motor (efferent) fibres that go away and sensory (afferent) go towards and enter.
What are upper motor neurons?
In the CNS. They influence lower motor neurons and communicate with them.
What is PNS divided into?
Somatic NS (voluntary) and autonomic NS (involuntary). ANS is divided into sympathetic (fight or flight) and parasympathetic (rest and digest).
What is dermatone?
Skin area that is supplied by a single spinal nerve.
What are spinal nerves?
31 of them and they’re numbered r/t where they exit the spinal cord. They are all mixed nerves are sensory and motor. 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal.
What do somatic and autonomic fibres innervate?
S- innervate voluntary (skeletal) muscles
A- innervate involuntary (smooth) muscles
What is reflex arch and types of reflexes?
Involuntary movements to protect from harm. Reflexes process is integrated in spinal cord itself and brain isn’t invloved.
Types- deep tendon (triceps, achilles, brachioradialis, quads/patellar) superficial (cuntaous, abdominal, cremasteric, plantar) visceral (autonomic, pupillary)
Primitive reflex we are born with like sucking.
Subjective Data for neurological system?
Injuries (concussion?), dizzy/seizures, difficulty speaking/swallowing, tremors/weakness, difficulty with coordination, numbness/tingling, hx of stoke/spinal cord injury, alcoholism, environmental/work hazards.
What is screening, complete exam, and recheck exam?
S- person with no neurological history
CE- have more than 1 neurological symptoms
R- patient known to have neurological symptoms and its a recheck
True or false- FN, african people have increased rate of hypertension/diabetes
Yes. increased risk of stroke because of that
What are modifiable risk factors for stroke and non modifiable?
M- hypertension, diabetes, smoking, oral contraceptives, diet, inactivity, obesity
NM- age, gender, genetics, ethnocultural background
What are symptoms of stroke and how can we prevent it?
S- weak/numb in face,arms, legs, sudden confusion/trouble speaking, change in vision, trouble walking/dizzy
Prevention by limit sodium, moderate exercise, maintain healthy weight, smoking cessation, limit alcohol, and manage underlying medical conditions.
Developmental consideration for infants and older adults for neurological stuff?
I- reflexes more as age, motor function improves gradually
OA- atrophy, reflexes less brisk, reduced reaction time, risk for falls, get up slowly (decreased cerebal blood flow)
What does FAST stand for?
F- face, drooping?
A- arms, can they raise both over their head/any weakness
S- speech difficulty
T- time, call 911 and be fast
