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Respiratory Physiology > Peripheral Receptors > Flashcards

Peripheral Receptors Flashcards

1
Q

What is a chemoreceptor

A

Receptor that responds to change in chemical composition of blood or fluid surrounding it

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2
Q

What are the 2 most important inputs to medullary inspiratory neurons?

A

Peripheral and central chemoreceptors

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3
Q

Where are peripheral chemoreceptors?

A

Carotid and aortic bodies, paraganglia

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4
Q

What do carotid bodies monitir?

A

Oxygen supply to brain

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5
Q

What are the 2 types of cells in carotid bodies?

A

Type 1 glomus cells - high dopamine content, close to endings of afferent carotid sinus nerve
Type 2 glomus cells - 20%

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6
Q

What does the carotid body mainly respond to?

A

Arterial PO2

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7
Q

What are type 1 glomus cells sensitive to?

A

Decrease in arterial PO2
Increase in H+ and PCO2 and K+

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8
Q

What cell type is initial site of sensory transduction?

A

Type 1

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9
Q

What do type 1 cells release in response to hypoxia?

A

Transmitters -> depolarises afferent nerve endings -> increase in sesnory discharge

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10
Q

What are 5 main candidate neuromodulators for hypoxic chemotransduction?

A

Dopamine
ACh
ATP
ROS
Cytokines

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11
Q

What is hypoxic hypoxia?

A

Insufficient O2 to lungs eg COPD

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12
Q

What is stagnant hypoxia?

A

Failure to transport sufficient O2 due to inadequate blood flow

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13
Q

What is anaemic hypoxic?

A

Reduced oxygen carrying capacity of blood due to reduced Hb

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14
Q

What is histotoxic hypoxia?

A

Impaired oxygen use by tissues

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15
Q

What can low PO2 be due to?

A

Altitude
Hypoventilation

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16
Q

What can lead to hypoventilation?

A

central
spinal injury
neuromuscular disorders
lung disease
obesity
airway obstruction

17
Q

What are 4 physiological responses to hypoxia?

A

Hyper ventilation
Increased CO
Systemic vasodilation
Increase in transcription factors eg HIF 1 -> increases EPO

18
Q

For PACs when does sensitivity to oxygen changes begin at?

A

500mmHg but response starts when it drops below 100mmHg

19
Q

What are used as indicators for arterial gas mixture levels?

A

End tidal PO2 and PCO2 levels

20
Q

In hypoxia what happens to PO2 if PCO2 is kept within a normal range?

A

PO2 reduced close to 50mmHg before increased ventilation begins

21
Q

What does increasing PCO2 cause?

A

Increases ventilation for a given PO2

22
Q

When is the ventilatory response more robust?

A

With hypercapnia and hypoxic

Respiratory Physiology (17 decks)

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