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Respiratory Physiology > Mechanics of Breathing > Flashcards

Mechanics of Breathing Flashcards

1
Q

How does inspiration occur?

A

Contraction of inspiratory muscles

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2
Q

How does expiration occur?

A

Elastic recoil of lungs

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3
Q

What 3 things does contraction of the inspiratory muscles cause?

A

Expands thoracic cavity -> decreases intrapleural pressure -> helps lungs expand

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4
Q

What pressure does the expansion of lungs decrease intrapulmonary pressure to?

A

Sub atmospheric level - air from atmosphere is sucked in

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5
Q

Define Boyle’s Law.

A

Pressure (P) exerted by a constant number of gas molecules in an enclosed space is inversely proportional to the volume (V) of the container
P1V1 = P2V2

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6
Q

How does air move?

A

In bulk flow from low pressure to high pressure

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7
Q

What is flow (F) equal to?

A

Pressure difference between 2 points (∆P)

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8
Q

What is flow inversely proportional to?

A

Resistance

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9
Q

What is the equation for flow?

A

F=∆P/R

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10
Q

What 2 things cause changes in alveolar pressure?

A

Changes in volume of chest wall and lungs

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11
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation achieved by?

A

Repeated cyclical process of inhalation and exhalation, efficiently exchanging air between the environment and the alveoli

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12
Q

What are the 2 main muscles for inspiration?

A

Diaphragm and external intercostal muscle

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13
Q

What are the 3 main muscles for expiration?

A

Internal intercostal
Pectoral
Abdominal muscle

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14
Q

What happens to the abdominal contents and ribs with diaphragm contraction?

A

Abdominal contents - forced downwards and forwards (increases vertical dimensions)
Ribs - margins are lifted and move outwards (increases transverse dimensions)

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15
Q

Where are external intercostal muscles present?

A

Obliquely between ribs in a forward and downward direction

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16
Q

How does contraction of external intercostal muscles raise the lower ribs?

A

Attachment to lower ribs is more forward from the axis of rotation

17
Q

What 2 effects does the contraction of external intercostal muscles have on the thoracic cavity?

A

Bucket handle effect - increases transverse diameter
Pump-handle effect - increases vertical diameter

18
Q

When are accessory muscles used for inspiration?

A

Only during forced inspiration

19
Q

What do the scalene muscles attach?

A

Attach cervical vertebrae to first and second rib

20
Q

What do the pectoralis muscle attach?

A

Attach thoracic cage to upper limb

21
Q

What are the 2 accessory muscles?

A

Scalene muscles
Pectoralis major

22
Q

What are the 3 types of scalene muscles?

A

Scalenus anterior
Scalenus medius
Scalenus posterior

23
Q

What is the action of the pectoralis major?

A

Increases antero-posterior diameter when arm is fixed

24
Q

When are expiratory muscles used?

A

During forced expiration

25
Q

What are the 4 rib depressors?

A

Internal intercostal
Innermost intercostal
Subcostals
Transverse thoracis

26
Q

What are the 4 anterior abdominal wall muscles?

A

External oblique
Internal oblique
Transversus abdominis
Rectus abdominus

27
Q

How many layers form the anterior abdominal wall?

A

3 layers of muscles running in different directions - increases strength

28
Q

Where does the 4th muscle lie?

A

In the sheath of the 3 muscle layers (rectus abdominus)

29
Q

What are the muscles of the anterior abdominal wall attached to?

A

Sternum, costal cartilages, ribs and hip bones

30
Q

What forms the linea alba of the anterior abdominal wall?

A

Aponeourosis of the 3 muscles on both sides fuse together

31
Q

What is the action of the anterior abdominal wall?

A

Compression of abdominal viscera to help ascent of diaphragm (forced expiration)

32
Q

What is the anterior abdominal wall’s nerve supply?

A

Lower intercostal nerves (T7-T11), subcostal nerve (T12) and 1st lumbar nerve

33
Q

What are the 3 pressures in the thoracic cavity?

A

Intrapleural
Transpulmonary
Alveolar

34
Q

What is intrapleural pressure?

A

Pressure in pleural space - around -2.5 to -4mm of Hg during expiration
-6mm of Hg during inspiration

35
Q

What happens in loss of intrapleural pressure?

A

Lung collapse and barrel-shaped chest

36
Q

What is transpulmonary pressure?

A

Pressure difference between alveolar space and intrapleural space - keeps lungs inflated

37
Q

What is alveolar pressure?

A

Pressure inside alveoli - change moves air in and out

Respiratory Physiology (17 decks)

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