Anatomy/Histology of Respiratory System

Question 1

What are the 6 main functions of the respiratory system?

Answer 1

Airflow
Gas exchange and transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide
Acid-base regulation
Temperature regulation
Immune protection

Question 2

What is the metabolic function of the respiratory system?

Answer 2

Removal of noradrenaline, prostaglandins and 5-HT

Question 3

What hormonal activity is present in the lungs?

Answer 3

Angiotensin II is formed from angiotensin I in the lungs

Question 4

Which is an active process: inspiration or expiration?

Answer 4

Inspiration

Question 5

How many lobes do each side of the lung have?

Answer 5

Right - 3
Left - 2

Question 6

What is the transition of epithelial cells down the lung?

Answer 6

Pseudostratified columnar ciliated -> cubodial -> squamous

Question 7

What part of the lungs has abundant glands?

Answer 7

Upper respiratory tract

Question 8

What cells decrease in number until the bronchioles?

Answer 8

Goblet cells

Question 9

When does cartilage stop being found in the respiratory tract?

Answer 9

From the small bronchi onwards

Question 10

How do tracheal cartilage and bronchi cartilage differ?

Answer 10

Trachea - C-shaped rings
Bronchi - plates

Question 11

What does smooth muscle in the trachea do?

Answer 11

Joins C-shaped rings

Question 12

What 2 features of the tract does smooth muscle surround completely?

Answer 12

Bronchi and bronchioles

Question 13

Which 2 feature is elastic tissue found?

Answer 13

Bronchi and bronchioles

Question 14

What are the 2 zones in the lungs?

Answer 14

Conducting and Respiratory zone

Question 15

What is the function of the conducting zone?

Answer 15

Get air in
Warm and moisten air
Clean air
nasal cavity -> terminal bronchioles

Question 16

What is the function of the respiratory zone?

Answer 16

Gas exchange
Respiratory bronchioles -> alveoli

Question 17

What is the function of the epiglottis?

Answer 17

Protects lungs from ingested food

Question 18

What is found in the vestibule of the nasal cavity?

Answer 18

hairs and mucus

Question 19

What is the function of respiratory mucus?

Answer 19

Filtering, humidifying and adjusting temperature of inspired air

Question 20

What is the function of turbinate bones in the nasal cavity?

Answer 20

Increase surface area which air flows over

Question 21

What cells does the mucosa of the nasal cavity contain?

Answer 21

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar respiratory epithelium
Goblet cells

Question 22

What glands are present in nasal mucosa?

Answer 22

Serous and mucous glands

Question 23

What is the pharynx?

Answer 23

Passageway that connects nasal and oral cavity

Question 24

What are the 3 sections of the pharynx?

Answer 24

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Hypopharynx

Question 25

What glands are present in the nasopharynx?

Answer 25

Seromucous glands

Question 26

What is the lymphoid tissue in the pharynx called?

Answer 26

Waldeyer's ring

Question 27

What type of epithelium is present in the oropharynx?

Answer 27

Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Question 28

What are the 3 functions of the larynx?

Answer 28

Maintains open passageway for air movement Prevents swallowed materials from entering trachea sound production

Question 29

How many laryngeal cartilages are there?

Answer 29

9 (hyaline and elastic)

Question 30

What does the first bronchus branching depend on?

Answer 30

Number of lobes

Question 31

What is the function of the trachea?

Answer 31

Warm, clean and conduct air

Question 32

What are the 4 layers of the trachea?

Answer 32

Mucosa Submucosa C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings Adventitia

Question 33

What 3 layers make up the tracheal mucosa?

Answer 33

Epithelium, basement membrane and lamina propria

Question 34

What 5 cell types are in the tracheal mucosa?

Answer 34

Pseudostratified cilliated columnar cells Goblet cells Serous cells Basal cells Brush cells

Question 35

What types of glands are found in the tracheal submucosa?

Answer 35

Mixed seromucous glands

Question 36

Which primary bronchus is shorter, wider and more vertical?

Answer 36

Right

Question 37

What does the bronchus lamina propria contain more of?

Answer 37

Elastin and is separated from the SM by smooth muscle

Question 38

What type of epithelial cells are present in the bronchioles?

Answer 38

Ciliated columnar epithelium

Question 39

What surrounds bronchioles' smooth muscle coats?

Answer 39

Fibroelastic connective tissue

Question 40

What does smaller bronchiole epithelium change to?

Answer 40

Simple cuboidal

Question 41

What are goblet cells replaced with in terminal and respiratory bronchioles?

Answer 41

Club cells

Question 42

What is the function of Clara cells?

Answer 42

Divide, differentiate and metabolize toxic chemicals Produce a component of surfactant

Question 43

What 4 structures make up the gas exchange region?

Answer 43

Respiratory bronchioles Alveolar ducts Alveolar sacs Alveoli

Question 44

What are 4 features of respiratory bronchioles?

Answer 44

Single alveoli in walls Devoid of goblet cells Ciliated cuboidal epithelium Non-ciliated club cells

Question 45

How many alveolar ducts do respiratory bronchioles divide into?

Answer 45

7

Question 46

What do alveolar ducts end in?

Answer 46

Alveolar sac which opens to 7 alveoli

Question 47

What does each alveolus consist of?

Answer 47

Pocket open at one side and lined by squamous pneumocytes (type I and II)

Question 48

What do alveolar pores allow?

Answer 48

Movement of air between adjacent alveoli

Question 49

What 3 things does the alveolar wall consist of?

Answer 49

Surface epithelium Supporting tissue Blood vessels

Question 50

What is the function of alveolar macrophages?

Answer 50

Immunity Keeps alveoli free of dust and debris

Question 51

What are the 3 functions of Type I Pneumocytes?

Answer 51

Facilitates gas exchange Maintain ion/fluid balance Communication with type II cells

Question 52

What are the 4 functions of Type II Pneumocytes?

Answer 52

Produce and secret pulmonary surfactant - prevents pulmonary collapse Expresses immunomodulatory proteins Movement of water Regeneration of epithelium

Question 53

What is the pleura?

Answer 53

Thin layer of membrane that holds the lung

Question 54

What are the 2 layers of the pleura?

Answer 54

Parietal - internal lining Visceral - externally coats lung

Question 55

What prevents friction between the pleural layers?

Answer 55

Tiny space that contains a small amount of serous fluid