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Respiratory Physiology > Anatomy/Histology of Respiratory System > Flashcards

Anatomy/Histology of Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 main functions of the respiratory system?

A

Airflow
Gas exchange and transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide
Acid-base regulation
Temperature regulation
Immune protection

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2
Q

What is the metabolic function of the respiratory system?

A

Removal of noradrenaline, prostaglandins and 5-HT

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3
Q

What hormonal activity is present in the lungs?

A

Angiotensin II is formed from angiotensin I in the lungs

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4
Q

Which is an active process: inspiration or expiration?

A

Inspiration

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5
Q

How many lobes do each side of the lung have?

A

Right - 3
Left - 2

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6
Q

What is the transition of epithelial cells down the lung?

A

Pseudostratified columnar ciliated -> cubodial -> squamous

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7
Q

What part of the lungs has abundant glands?

A

Upper respiratory tract

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8
Q

What cells decrease in number until the bronchioles?

A

Goblet cells

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9
Q

When does cartilage stop being found in the respiratory tract?

A

From the small bronchi onwards

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10
Q

How do tracheal cartilage and bronchi cartilage differ?

A

Trachea - C-shaped rings
Bronchi - plates

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11
Q

What does smooth muscle in the trachea do?

A

Joins C-shaped rings

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12
Q

What 2 features of the tract does smooth muscle surround completely?

A

Bronchi and bronchioles

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13
Q

Which 2 feature is elastic tissue found?

A

Bronchi and bronchioles

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14
Q

What are the 2 zones in the lungs?

A

Conducting and Respiratory zone

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15
Q

What is the function of the conducting zone?

A

Get air in
Warm and moisten air
Clean air
nasal cavity -> terminal bronchioles

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16
Q

What is the function of the respiratory zone?

A

Gas exchange
Respiratory bronchioles -> alveoli

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17
Q

What is the function of the epiglottis?

A

Protects lungs from ingested food

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18
Q

What is found in the vestibule of the nasal cavity?

A

hairs and mucus

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19
Q

What is the function of respiratory mucus?

A

Filtering, humidifying and adjusting temperature of inspired air

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20
Q

What is the function of turbinate bones in the nasal cavity?

A

Increase surface area which air flows over

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21
Q

What cells does the mucosa of the nasal cavity contain?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar respiratory epithelium
Goblet cells

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22
Q

What glands are present in nasal mucosa?

A

Serous and mucous glands

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23
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

Passageway that connects nasal and oral cavity

24
Q

What are the 3 sections of the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Hypopharynx

25
Q

What glands are present in the nasopharynx?

A

Seromucous glands

26
Q

What is the lymphoid tissue in the pharynx called?

A

Waldeyer’s ring

27
Q

What type of epithelium is present in the oropharynx?

A

Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

28
Q

What are the 3 functions of the larynx?

A

Maintains open passageway for air movement
Prevents swallowed materials from entering trachea
sound production

29
Q

How many laryngeal cartilages are there?

A

9 (hyaline and elastic)

30
Q

What does the first bronchus branching depend on?

A

Number of lobes

31
Q

What is the function of the trachea?

A

Warm, clean and conduct air

32
Q

What are the 4 layers of the trachea?

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings
Adventitia

33
Q

What 3 layers make up the tracheal mucosa?

A

Epithelium, basement membrane and lamina propria

34
Q

What 5 cell types are in the tracheal mucosa?

A

Pseudostratified cilliated columnar cells
Goblet cells
Serous cells
Basal cells
Brush cells

35
Q

What types of glands are found in the tracheal submucosa?

A

Mixed seromucous glands

36
Q

Which primary bronchus is shorter, wider and more vertical?

A

Right

37
Q

What does the bronchus lamina propria contain more of?

A

Elastin and is separated from the SM by smooth muscle

38
Q

What type of epithelial cells are present in the bronchioles?

A

Ciliated columnar epithelium

39
Q

What surrounds bronchioles’ smooth muscle coats?

A

Fibroelastic connective tissue

40
Q

What does smaller bronchiole epithelium change to?

A

Simple cuboidal

41
Q

What are goblet cells replaced with in terminal and respiratory bronchioles?

A

Club cells

42
Q

What is the function of Clara cells?

A

Divide, differentiate and metabolize toxic chemicals
Produce a component of surfactant

43
Q

What 4 structures make up the gas exchange region?

A

Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs
Alveoli

44
Q

What are 4 features of respiratory bronchioles?

A

Single alveoli in walls
Devoid of goblet cells
Ciliated cuboidal epithelium
Non-ciliated club cells

45
Q

How many alveolar ducts do respiratory bronchioles divide into?

A

7

46
Q

What do alveolar ducts end in?

A

Alveolar sac which opens to 7 alveoli

47
Q

What does each alveolus consist of?

A

Pocket open at one side and lined by squamous pneumocytes (type I and II)

48
Q

What do alveolar pores allow?

A

Movement of air between adjacent alveoli

49
Q

What 3 things does the alveolar wall consist of?

A

Surface epithelium
Supporting tissue
Blood vessels

50
Q

What is the function of alveolar macrophages?

A

Immunity
Keeps alveoli free of dust and debris

51
Q

What are the 3 functions of Type I Pneumocytes?

A

Facilitates gas exchange
Maintain ion/fluid balance
Communication with type II cells

52
Q

What are the 4 functions of Type II Pneumocytes?

A

Produce and secret pulmonary surfactant - prevents pulmonary collapse
Expresses immunomodulatory proteins
Movement of water
Regeneration of epithelium

53
Q

What is the pleura?

A

Thin layer of membrane that holds the lung

54
Q

What are the 2 layers of the pleura?

A

Parietal - internal lining
Visceral - externally coats lung

55
Q

What prevents friction between the pleural layers?

A

Tiny space that contains a small amount of serous fluid

Respiratory Physiology (17 decks)

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