Peripheral nervous System

Question 1

autonomic nervous system

Answer 1

involuntary, innervates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands, and organs

Question 2

somatic nervous system

Answer 2

voluntary, innervates skeletal muscles

Question 3

sympathetic nervous system

Answer 3

fight or flight

Question 4

nerve fibers of sympathetic nervous system

Answer 4

short preganglionic originate in thoracic and lumbar regions

long postganglionic originate in ganglionic chain and end on effector organs

Question 5

ganglion

Answer 5

end of a nerve fiber, secretes neurotransmitters

Question 6

parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 6

rest and Digest

Question 7

nerve fibers of parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 7

long preganglionic originate in cranial and sacral regions

short postganglionic originate in effector organs

Question 8

cholinergic cells

Answer 8

release acetylcholine, The receptors include nicotinic and muscarinic

Question 9

adrenergic cells

Answer 9

release norepinephrine, receptors include alpha 1, Alpha 2, beta 1 and beta 2

Question 10

norepinephrine released by..

Answer 10

sympathetic postganglionic fibers

Question 11

acetylcholine released by..

Answer 11

all preganglionic fibers and parasympathetic postganglionic fibers

Question 12

dual innervation

Answer 12

most organs are innervated by both divisions of the autonomic nervous system, usually produce opposite effects in an organ, and allow precise control over an organs activity

Question 13

dual innervation exceptions

Answer 13

most arterioles, veins, and sweat glands are innervated only by sympathetic nerve fibers

salivary glands are innervated by both divisions, but each division stimulates a different form of saliva

Question 14

Adrenal medulla

Answer 14

a modified sympathetic ganglion, secretes 80% epinephrine comma and secretes 20% norepinephrine

Question 15

medulla

Answer 15

directly responsible for autonomic output

Question 16

autonomic reflexes

Answer 16

urination, defecation, and penile erection are integrated at spinal cord level

Question 17

in the somatic nervous system, where do axons of motor neurons originate and end?

Answer 17

spinal cord or brain stem, and end on skeletal muscle

Question 18

in the somatic nervous system, what kind of neurotransmitter do motor neurons release?

Answer 18

they release acetylcholine to stimulate muscle contractions

Question 19

neuromuscular Junction

Answer 19

where an axon terminal of a motor neuron forms a junction with a muscle cell

Question 20

sarcolemma

Answer 20

a membrane of muscle fiber

Question 21

to end a muscle contraction..

Answer 21

acetylcholinesterase breaks down acetylcholine and recycles it, it in activates acetylcholine, ending the contraction

Question 22

black widow spider venom

Answer 22

causes an excess release of acetylcholine

Question 23

botulism toxin

Answer 23

blocks acetylcholine release

Question 24

curare, a South American Plant substance

Answer 24

blocks acetylcholine receptor function

Question 25

organophosphates

Answer 25

inhibit acetylcholinesterase

Question 26

myasthenia gravis

Answer 26

an autoimmune disease that destroys acetylcholine receptors