Blood

Question 1

three functions of blood

Answer 1

TRANSPORTATION (gases ((oxygen,carbon dioxide, nitrogen))), nutrients, hormones, waste products (creatinine, urea, blood cells)

REGULATION (pH, body temperature, osmotic pressure, blood pressure)

PROTECTION (clotting, white blood cells, proteins)

Question 2

plasma proteins

Answer 2

albumin(osmotic pressure), globulins(alpha and beta–immunity), gamma proteins(antibodies), fibrinogen(clotting), erythrocytes(transport of o2 and co2)

Question 3

leukocytes

Answer 3

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes

Question 4

lymphocytes

Answer 4

B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes

Question 5

plasma

Answer 5

55% of blood

Question 6

packed cells

Answer 6

erythrocytes 45%, Buffy layer less than 1%

Question 7

hemoglobin

Answer 7

an iron-containing molecule that can bind with O2, carries 4 o2 molecules, does not contain a nucleus or any organelles, transports 23% carbon dioxide, nitric oxide can also bind

Question 8

hemoglobin is made up of

Answer 8

heme groups

alpha (alpha 1 and 2)
beta (beta 1 and 2)

Question 9

glycolytic enzymes

Answer 9

generate ATP for membrane active transport mechanisms

Question 10

Carbonic anhydrase

Answer 10

catalyzes reaction that converts carbon dioxide into bicarbonate ion

Question 11

erythropoiesis

Answer 11

erythropoiesis the process of making red blood cells, hypoxia will trigger this process, this process happens in the bone marrow, but the kidneys release erythropoietin to stimulate the process

Question 12

undifferentiated pluripotent stem cell

Answer 12

gives rise to all cellular elements of blood

Question 13

lifespan of a red blood cell

Answer 13

120 days

Question 14

order of the creation of red blood cells

Answer 14

pluripotent stem cell, myeloid stem cell, erythroblast, reticulocyte, erythrocyte

Question 15

in blood typing, what is a and b

Answer 15

antigens

Question 16

what type of antibodies will type A blood contain?

Answer 16

type B antibodies

Question 17

what type of antibodies does type AB blood contain?

Answer 17

none

Question 18

what type of antibodies does type O blood contain?

Answer 18

both type A and B antibodies

Question 19

when are Rh factor antibodies produced?

Answer 19

when an Rh negative person is exposed to rh+ blood

Question 20

rhogam

Answer 20

a shot given to mothers to stop the formation of antibodies to Rh factor, they give it if the mother is negative, no matter the father or the baby

Question 21

erythroblastosis (hemolytic disease of the newborn)

Answer 21

the abnormal presence of erythroblastosis in the blood, the mothers white blood cells attack the babies red blood cells due to RH incompatibility

Question 22

leukocytes

Answer 22

neutrophil,eosinophil, basophil, monocyte, lymphocyte

Question 23

polymorphonuclear granulocytes

Answer 23

neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil

Question 24

mononuclear agranulocyte

Answer 24

monocyte, lymphocyte

Question 25

diapedesis

Answer 25

the process of white blood cells rolling along the endothelium and sticking to and squeezing between endothelial cells

Question 26

chemotaxis

Answer 26

the signals being sent out of the damaged tissue that cause white blood cells to stick

Question 27

integrins

Answer 27

the integrins on the neutrophil stick to the selectins on the endothelial cells

Question 28

B cells

Answer 28

a lymphocyte that is for destroying bacteria and inactivating their toxins

Question 29

T cells

Answer 29

attack viruses, fungi, transplanted cells, and cancer cells

Question 30

natural killer cells

Answer 30

attack a wide variety of infections and microbes and some tumor cells

Question 31

thrombocytes

Answer 31

platelets, cell fragments shed from megakaryocytes, remain functional for 10 days, production stimulated by the hormone thrombopoietin

Question 32

three steps of hemostasis

Answer 32

vascular spasm, platelet plug, blood coagulation

Question 33

vascular spasm

Answer 33

endothelium releases prostacyclin and nitric oxide which calls for platelets

Question 34

platelet plug

Answer 34

uses ADP

Question 35

blood coagulation

Answer 35

uses a clotting Cascade of which there are two pathways, intrinsic pathway and extrinsic pathway

Question 36

intrinsic pathway

Answer 36

usually used for damage inside the body, collagen damage, measured by PTT, partial thromboplastin time

Question 37

extrinsic pathway

Answer 37

usually used for damage outside of the body, tissue damage, measured by PT, Prothrombin time

Question 38

ESR test

Answer 38

erythrocyte sedimentation rate used if there is temporal swelling, temporal arteritis

Question 39

the two positive feedback effects of thrombin

Answer 39

accelerates formation of prothrombinase, activates platelets

Question 40

final steps of hemostasis

Answer 40

clot retraction, vessel repair, clot dissolution

Question 41

clot retraction

Answer 41

when the clot shrinks the fibrin mesh, pulls the edges of the damaged vessel together

Question 42

vessel repair

Answer 42

promoted by factors from platelets

Question 43

clot dissolution

Answer 43

when the clot is dissolved by the enzyme plasmin

Question 44

t-PA

Answer 44

a thrombolytic given for strokes