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Physiology > Bloodz > Flashcards

Bloodz Flashcards

1
Q

blood: liquid connective tissue

A
  • 3 general functions
    1. transportation
    2. regulation
    3. protection
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2
Q

blood: transportation

A
  • gases: O2, CO2
  • nutrients: glucose, proteins
  • hormones
  • waste products: urea, CO2
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3
Q

blood: regulation

A
  • pH
  • body temperature
  • osmotic pressure
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4
Q

blood: protection

A
  • clotting
  • white blood cells
  • proteins
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5
Q

white blood cells (5)

A
  • neutrophils
  • eosinophils
  • basophils
  • monocytes
  • lymphocytes (B and T)
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6
Q

erythrocytes (RBC)

A
  • structure suited to function O2 transport
  • biconcave shape: large surface are for O2 diffusion
  • thinness: O2 to diffuse out of cell rapidly
  • flexible membrane: travel through narrow capillaries without rupturing
  • contains large amounts of hemoglobin (Hb)
  • no nucleus/organelles to make room for Hb
  • 5,000,000/nm3
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7
Q

hemoglobin (Hb)

A
  • iron containing molecule
  • loosely and reversibly bind with O2
  • carry 4 O2 molecules
  • CO2 transport and pH buffering of blood
  • 23& CO2 with globin
  • NO binds with hemoglobin
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8
Q

nitric oxide

A
  • vasodilation
  • nitroglycerine for chest pain
  • Viagra
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9
Q

erythrocytes enzymes

A
  • glycolytic enzymes- necessary for generating ATP for membrane active-transport mechanisms
  • carbonic anhydrase: catalyzes reaction that converts CO2 into bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)
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10
Q

erythropoiesis

A
  • since lack of organelle, RBC have a life span of 120 days
  • trapped in spleen
  • bone marrow must continuously replaces worn out RBC
  • less O2- makes more RBC
  • formation of RBC in red bone marrow
  • stimulated by erythropoietin (EPO)
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11
Q

pluripotent stem cells

A
  • undifferentiated

- give rise to all cellular elements of the blood

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12
Q

erythropoietin

A
  • a hormone secreted by the kidneys in response to reduced O2 delivery
  • stimulates erythropoiesis
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13
Q

blood types

A

A: has A antigens
b: has B antigens
AB: contains both A and B antigens
O: has neither A nor B antigens

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14
Q

antigens

A

-glycolipids

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15
Q

antibodies

A
  • binds with the specific antigen against which it is produced
  • appear in human plasma after 6 months of age
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16
Q

Rh blood group

A
  • people who have the factor have Rh-positive blood
  • people who lack: Rh-negative
  • no naturally occurring antibodies
  • only produced by Rh- people exposed to Rh positive blood
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17
Q

hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)

A
  • if blood from Rh+ fetus contacts Rh- mother during birth, anti-Rh antibodies are made
  • effects 2nd pregnancy since it is Rh+
  • the antibodies attack the babies blood
  • Rhogam is given to the mother
18
Q

polymorphonuclear granulocytes

A
  • neutrophils: 60-70%
  • eosinophils: 1-4%
  • basophil: 0.25%-0.5%
19
Q

mononuclear agranulocytes

A
  • monocyte: 2-6%

- lymphocyte: 25-33%

20
Q

emigration of WBCs

A
  • many leave the bloodstream
  • emigration (formerly diapedesis)
  • roll along endothelium
  • stick and squeeze between endothelial cells
  • precise signals vary for different WBCs
21
Q

neutrophils

A
  • active phagocytes (and macrophages)
  • attracted by chemotaxis
  • respond most quickly to tissue damage by bacteria
  • use lysozymes, strong oxidants, defensins
22
Q

macrophages

A
  • active phagocytes
  • attracted by chemotaxis
  • differentiated from monocytes
23
Q

monocytes

A
  • take longer to arrive
  • arrive in larger numbers
  • destroy more microbes
  • enlarge and differentiate into macrophages
  • attracted to infection by chemotaxis (cytokines)
24
Q

basophils

A
  • leave capillaries and release granules at site of inflammation
  • contain: heparin, histamine, serotonin
  • intensify inflammatory reaction
  • involved with hypersensitivity reactions (allergies)
25
Q

eosinophils

A
  • leave capillaries and enter tissue fluid
  • release histaminase, phagocytize, antigen-antibody complexes
  • effective against certain parasitic worms
26
Q

lymphocytes

A
  • major soldiers of immune system

- B cells, T cells and NK

27
Q

B cells

A
  • lymphocytes

- destroying bacteria and inactivating their toxins

28
Q

T cells

A

-attack viruses, fungi, transplanted cells, cancer cells

29
Q

natural killer (NK) cells

A

-attack a wide variety of infectious microbes and certain tumor cells

30
Q

platelets

A
  • aka thrombocytes
  • cell fragments shed from megakaryocytes
  • functional for about 10 days
  • production stimulated by thrombopoietin
  • role in hemostasis, the prevention of bleeding from an injured vessel
31
Q

thrombopoietin

A

-stimulates the production of platelets

32
Q

hemostasis

A
  • prevents blood loss from damaged small vessels

- 3 steps: vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, blood coagulation (clotting)

33
Q

formation of a platelet plug

A
  1. platelets adhere, activated by exposed collagen at injury site
  2. activated platelets release ADP
  3. ADP activates other platelets passing by
  4. new activated platelets aggregate onto growing plug and release more platelet attracting chemicals
  5. uninjured endothelium release prostacyclin and NO which inhibit platelet aggregation
34
Q

clotting pathways

A
  • cascade of steps involving 12 plasma clotting factors
  • lead to formation of fibrin mesh
  • initiated by the intrinsic or extrinsic pathway
35
Q

intrinsic pathway

A

-all factors needed
-seven separate steps
-starts with activation of factor XII (Hageman factor)
comes into contact with exposed collagen in injured vessel or foreign surface

36
Q

extrinsic pathway

A
  • required contact with tissue factors external to the blood
  • 4 steps, faster than intrinsic pathway
  • tissue thromboplastin released from traumatized tissue
  • activates factor X
37
Q

blood clotting: common pathway

A
  • the formation of prothrombinase
  • prothrombinase with Ca2+ catalyzes conversation of prothrombin to thrombin
  • thrombin with Ca2+ converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin
38
Q

thrombin 2 positive feedback effects

A
  • accelerates formation of prothrombinase
  • thrombin activates platelets
  • clot formation remains localized
  • fibrin absorbs thrombin and clotting factors have low concentrations
39
Q

clot; the final steps of hemostasis

A
  • clot retraction
  • vessel repair
  • clot dissolution
40
Q

clot retraction

A

-the clot shrinks the fibrin mesh pulling the edges of the damaged vessel close together

41
Q

vessel repair

A

-promoted by factors from platelets

42
Q

clot dissolution

A

-when clot is dissolved by enzyme plasmin

plasmin comes from plasminogen to dissolve the clot

Physiology (13 decks)

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