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anatomy psc2018 > peripheral nervous system > Flashcards

peripheral nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

what is the central nervous system divided into?

A
  • central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)
  • peripheral nervous system
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2
Q

what does the peripheral nervous system consist of?

A
  • neurones carrying info to (affector neurones) or from (effector neurones) the CNS
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3
Q

what is the neuron?

A
  • specialised cell type
  • functional unit of nervous system
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4
Q

what 3 parts does the neuron consist of?

A
  • axon
  • cell body
  • dendrites
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5
Q

what does the axon do?

A
  • carry information away from cell body
  • axons of one neurone connects with dendrites of other at synapses
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6
Q

what does the cell body contain?

A
  • nucleus
  • organelles required for cell metabolism
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7
Q

what do the dendrites do?

A
  • carry information to the cell body
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8
Q

how is information electrically relayed?

A
  • along axons and dendrites through movement of ions
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9
Q

what do synapses occur between?

A
  • neurones and target cells
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10
Q

what are the target cells?

A
  • other neurones
  • muscle cells
  • secretory cells
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11
Q

where does electrical transmission through axons terminate?

A
  • at synapses
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12
Q

how is it relayed to the next cell?

A
  • via chemical messengers (neurotransmitters)
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13
Q

where are the chemical messengers stored?

A
  • in vesicles in pre synaptic neurone
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14
Q

what happens when an action potential reaches these vesicles?

A
  • contents are released into synaptic cleft
  • bin to receptors on post synaptic membrane
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15
Q

what does this stimulate?

A
  • depolarisation or hyperpolarisation in post synaptic neurone
  • contraction in post synaptic muscle cells
  • secretion in post synaptic secretory cells
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16
Q

what does the spinal cord consist of?

A
  • ascending and descending neurones
  • carry info to and from the brain
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17
Q

where does the spinal cord end in children?

A
  • L3 vertebrae
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18
Q

what happens to spinal cord at L1?

A

-no longer a single cord
- made of several spinal nerves all running through vertebral canal

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19
Q

what is the spinal cord protected by?

A
  • vertebral column (spine)
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20
Q

what is the vertebral column made up of?

A
  • individual vertebrae
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21
Q

what are the individual vertebrae divided into?

A
  • 8 cervical nerve pairs
  • 12 thoracic nerve pairs
  • 5 lumbar nerve pairs
  • 5 sacral nerve pairs
  • 1 coccygeal nerve
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22
Q

what does each vertebra consist of?

A
  • vertebral body
  • vertebral arch
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23
Q

what do the vertebral body and arch form together?

A
  • vertebral foramen (area where spinal cord resides)
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24
Q

how is the vertebral canal formed?

A
  • when several vertebra are stacked
  • vertebral foramina align
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25
Q

what is the purpose of the canal?

A
  • contains spinal cord
  • provides protection
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26
Q

what is the vertebral arch formed of?

A
  • two pedicles
  • two lamina
  • two transverse processes
  • one spinous process
  • four articular processes
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27
Q

what do the intervertebral discs form?

A
  • fibrocartilaginous joint (symphysis)
  • between 2 adjacent vertebrae
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28
Q

what does the fibrocartilaginous joint allow?

A
  • slight movement
  • acts as shock absorbers and holds the two together
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29
Q

what does the disc contain?

A
  • annulus fibrosus
  • nucleus pulposus
  • layer of hyaline cartilage
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30
Q

what is the annulus fibrosus?

A
  • outer fibrous ring made up of laminae of fibrocartilage to withstand compression
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31
Q

what is the nucleus pulposus?

A
  • gel like centre that helps distribute pressure evenly across disc to act as shock absorber
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32
Q

what is the outer section of the spinal cord formed of?

A
  • white matter
  • consists of axons of neurones that form ascending or descending pathways
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33
Q

what do the ascending pathways do?

A
  • travel from body to brain
  • carry sensory information (touch, pain, proprioception)
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34
Q

what do the descending pathways do?

A
  • travel from brain to body
  • carry motor instructions
  • initiate and control movement
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35
Q

what is the inner section of the spinal cord formed from?

A
  • grey matter
  • where cell bodies of neurones are located
  • where synapses occur
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36
Q

where do nerves from the body enter through?

A
  • dorsal roots (dorsal horn)
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37
Q

where do nerves exit the body through?

A
  • ventral root (ventral horn)
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38
Q

what do the ascending and descending tracts carry?

A
  • somatic nerves
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39
Q

where do the autonomic nerves run?

A
  • alongside spinal cord in separate chain or neurones and ganglia
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40
Q

what does the dorsal column contain?

A
  • ascending sensory neurones carrying fine touch
  • proprioception information from limbs
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41
Q

what does the lateral column contain?

A
  • descending motor tracts from cerebral cortex
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42
Q

what does the anterolateral fasciculus contain?

A
  • ascending sensory neurones carrying pain and temperature fibres
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43
Q

what are the two main divisions of the peripheral nervous system?

A
  • autonomic
  • somatic
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44
Q

what is the autonomic nervous system?

A
  • subconscious control of our bodies
  • innervating smooth muscle of tissues or glands
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45
Q

what is the autonomic nervous system involved within?

A
  • temperature control (sweating and vasomotor)
  • continence
  • secretions
  • gastric motility
46
Q

where do the autonomic neurones arise from?

A
  • brain
  • spinal cord
47
Q

how many neurones does it take the autonomic system to reach its target?

A
  • 2 (pre ganglionic and post ganglionic)
48
Q

what can the autonomic nervous system be divided into?

A
  • sympathetic
  • parasympathetic
49
Q

what does the sympathetic nervous system do?

A
  • prepares body for intense physical activity
  • fight or flight
50
Q

what does the parasympathetic nervous system do?

A
  • relaxes body
  • inhibits high energy functions
  • rest and digest
51
Q

what happens in parasympathetic stimulation?

A
  • decreased heart rate
  • decreased force of contraction
  • increased stomach motility
  • increased gastric secretions
  • airway smooth muscle contraction
  • pupil constriction
  • increased digestion and gut motility
52
Q

what happens with sympathetic stimulation?

A
  • increased heart rate
  • increased force of contraction
  • decreased gut motility
  • reduced peristalsis
  • relaxation of airway smooth muscle
  • dilation of pupil
53
Q

where are sympathetic cell bodies present?

A
  • thoracic and lumbar spinal cord segments
54
Q

what do these connect to?

A
  • paravertebral ganglion chain
  • sympathetic chain
  • individual ganglia that are distant from target organs
55
Q

where do parasympathetic neurones arise from?

A
  • cranial nerves
  • limbo-sacral spinal cord
56
Q

where are the parasympathetic ganglia located?

A
  • close to target organ
57
Q

what is the somatic nervous system responsible for?

A
  • conscious control of bodies and corresponding feedback
58
Q

what are the somatic afferent nerves?

A
  • sensory
  • detect pain, temperature, touch, proprioception
59
Q

what are the somatic efferent nerves?

A
  • motor to effector skeletal muscles
60
Q

what happens to the somatic neurones once they leave CNS?

A
  • don’t synapse
  • project directly to target cell via single neurone
61
Q

what are the two types of somatic nerves?

A
  • spinal nerves (arise from spinal cord)
  • cranial nerves (arise directly from brain)
62
Q

what are the spinal nerves?

A
  • peripheral nerves
  • carry axons of neurones of somatic and autonomic nervous systems to and from spinal cord
63
Q

where do the spinal cords leave the vertebral column?

A
  • below each vertebra
  • except cervical region as exit superior to vertebrae
64
Q

where are the spinal nerves on vertebra C7?

A
  • above (c7 nerve)
  • below (c8 nerve)
65
Q

how many spinal nerves are there?

A
  • 31
    (additional root from coccyx)
66
Q

where do the spinal nerves arise from?

A
  • spinal cord
67
Q

what are the dorsal roots?

A
  • usually afferent or sensory
  • carries information from periphery to CNS
68
Q

what are the ventral roots?

A
  • usually efferent or motor
  • carry information from CNS to periphery in somatic motor and autonomic neurones
69
Q

what do they unite to form?

A
  • mixed (motor and sensory) spinal nerve
69
Q

what could this spinal nerve continue to be?

A
  • nerve plexus
  • single peripheral nerve
70
Q

what does plexus mean?

A
  • network or tangle
71
Q

what are dermatomes?

A
  • distinct area of skin that each spinal nerve supplies
72
Q

what is a myotome?

A
  • distinct group of muscles that each spinal nerve supplies
73
Q

how many cranial nerves are there?

A
  • 12
74
Q

what do the cranial nerves innervate?

A
  • structures of the head and neck
75
Q

what do the cranial nerves supply?

A
  • special senses (eg. taste)
76
Q

what is cranial nerve 1 (CNI)?

A
  • olfactory nerve
77
Q

what does the olfactory nerve do?

A
  • sensory nerve
  • receives smelling senses and sends info to brain
  • special sense
78
Q

what is cranial nerve 2 (CNII)?

A
  • optic nerve
79
Q

what does the optic nerve do?

A
  • sensory nerve
  • special sense
  • afferent for vision from retina
80
Q

what is cranial nerve 3 (CNIII)?

A
  • oculomotor nerve
81
Q

what does the oculomotor nerve do?

A
  • arises from midbrain
  • motor nerve
  • supplies muscles of eyeballs
  • innervates cilia muscles of eye
82
Q

what does somatic division of oculomotor nerve control?

A
  • eye movement
  • eyelid control
83
Q

what does autonomic division of oculomotor nerve control?

A
  • motor to pupil constrictors
84
Q

what is cranial nerve 4 (CNIV)?

A
  • trochlear
85
Q

what does the trochlear nerve do?

A
  • somatic
  • motor to one muscle that moves eye
  • arises from midbrain
86
Q

what is cranial nerve 5 (CNV)?

A
  • trigeminal
87
Q

what does the trigeminal nerve do?

A
  • sensory and motor
  • somatic: afferent from surface of face
  • senses touch from skin (dermatomes of face)
  • motor efferent to muscles of mastication (myotomes)
88
Q

what is cranial nerve 6 (CNVI)?

A
  • abducent
89
Q

what does the abducent nerve do?

A
  • motor nerve
  • motor efferent to one muscle of the eye
  • arises from pons
90
Q

what is cranial nerve 7 (CNVII)?

A
  • facial nerve
91
Q

what does the facial nerve do?

A
  • motor
  • special sense (taste from anterior tongue and palate)
  • helpful in facial expression
  • supplies secretory glands in face
92
Q

what is the somatic division of the facial nerve?

A
  • motor efferent to muscles of facial expression (myotomes)
93
Q

what is the autonomic division of the facial nerve?

A
  • motor efferent to glands that secrete saliva
94
Q

what is cranial nerve 8 (CNVIII)?

A
  • vestibulocochlear nerve
95
Q

what does the vestibulocochlear nerve do?

A
  • special sense
  • hearing from cochlea of ear
  • balance from vestibular apparatus of ear
96
Q

what is cranial nerve 9 (CNIX)?

A
  • glossopharyngeal nerve
97
Q

what does the glossopharyngeal nerve do?

A
  • special sense - taste from posterior tongue
98
Q

what is the somatic division of CNIX?

A
  • motor efferent to help with swallowing
  • afferent sensation from external ear
99
Q

what is the autonomic division of CNIX?

A
  • secretomotor to one saliva gland (parotid)
100
Q

what is cranial nerve 10 (CNX)?

A
  • vagus nerve
101
Q

what does the nerve nerve do?

A
  • supply structures beyond head and neck
102
Q

what is the somatic division of CNX?

A
  • motor to muscles of pharynx, larynx and palate
103
Q

what is the autonomic division of CNX?

A
  • parasympathetic innervation of smooth muscle in trachea, bronchi, GI tract and cardiac muscles
  • afferent sensation from GI tract, heart and airways
104
Q

what is cranial nerve 11 (CNXI)?

A
  • accessory nerve
105
Q

what does the accessory nerve do?

A
  • motor nerve
  • to two muscles in neck
106
Q

what is cranial muscle 12 (CNXII)?

A
  • hypoglossal nerve
107
Q

what does the hypoglossal nerve do?

A
  • motor
  • to muscles of the tongue
108
Q

what is bells palsy?

A
  • facial nerve paralysis
  • idiopathic (unknown cause)
109
Q

what does bells palsy result in?

A
  • unilateral (one sided) facial paralysis
110
Q

what is one of the causative agents to bells palsy?

A
  • herpes simplex virus
111
Q

what does bells palsy cause?

A
  • failure to close eye (watery or dry)
  • unable to wrinkle forehead or blow out cheeks

anatomy psc2018 (8 decks)

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