Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

anatomy psc2018 > genitourinary system > Flashcards

genitourinary system Flashcards

1
Q

what is the region below the pelvic floor called?

A

perineum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what structure extends from perineum?

A
  • external genitalia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what can the pelvis be divided into?

A
  • greater (false) and lesser (true) pelvis based on bony pelvis
    lesser = pelvic cavity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the purpose of the female reproductive system?

A
  • conceiving
  • developing the offspring
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what does the female reproductive system consist of?

A
  • vagina
  • uterus
  • uterine (Fallopian tubes)
  • ovaries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

where do the organs of reproduction sit?

A
  • lesser pelvis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the purpose of the main reproductive system?

A
  • introduction of male sex cell into female reproductive system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the internal organs of the male reproductive system?

A
  • testes
  • epididymides
  • ductus deferentes
  • seminal vesicles
  • ejaculatory ducts
  • prostate
  • bulbourethral glands
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

where do the testes sit?

A
  • outside the body in the scrotum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

where do the rest of the components sit?

A
  • within lesser pelvis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what does the urinary system consist of?

A
  • paired kidneys
  • ureters (left and right)
  • muscular urinary bladder
  • urethra
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

where do these structures sit?

A
  • abdomen
  • pelvic cavity
  • extend into perineum/external genitalia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the purpose of the urinary system?

A
  • excretion of urea and other toxins
  • maintenance of blood volume and osmolarity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the functions of the kidneys?

A
  • excrete most the waste products of metabolism
  • filter the blood
  • remove waste
  • produce urine
  • control water volume, ion concentrations
  • maintain acid/base balance of blood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the outer layer of the kidneys?

A
  • cortex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the inner layer of the kidneys?

A
  • medulla
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the function of nephrons?

A
  • in cortex and medulla
  • filter waste products from blood, forming urine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what do the pyramids of the cortex drain into?

A
  • minor calyces
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what do the major calyces drain into?

A
  • renal pelvis
  • empties through ureters towards bladder
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the renal pelvis?

A
  • funnel formed from ureter leaving the kidney
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the point where structures enter/exit the kidney known as?

A
  • hilum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what structures enter/exit kidney through hilum?

A
  • renal vein
  • renal artery
  • ureter
  • lymphatics and sympathetics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the nephron?

A
  • functional unit of the kidney
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

where does blood enter kidneys for filtration?

A
  • through glomeruli
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what are the glomeruli contained within?

A
  • bowman capsule
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what occurs at the bowmans capsule?

A
  • constituents of plasma filtered out the blood
  • large molecules remain in, water and waste leave
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what molecules are absorbed?

A
  • glucose
  • ions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what its reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule?

A
  • glucose
  • ions
  • anything useful to body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is absorbed in loop of Henle?

A
  • water
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what occurs in distal convoluted tubule?

A
  • any waste not filtered out in capsule is secreted into lumen of nephron
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is reabsorbed in the collecting duct?

A
  • water and ions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what does reabsorption in collecting duct control?

A
  • volume of urine produced
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

where is antidiuretic hormone released from?

A
  • posterior pituitary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what does antidiuretic hormone do?

A
  • makes collecting duct more permeable
  • allows reabsorption of water
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what supplies the blood to the kidney?

A
  • renal arteries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what are renal arteries?

A
  • two large branches of abdominal aorta
  • arise below level of L1.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what do renal arteries divide into?

A
  • afferent arterioles which feed into glomeruli
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

where do efferent arterioles go?

A
  • run from glomeruli and wrap around nephron
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what are the arteries around the loop of Henle called?

A
  • vasa recta
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what do the vasa recta do?

A
  • drain into renal veins
  • which empty into inferior vena cava
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

where are the kidneys located?

A
  • retroperitoneally (behind the peritoneum) on posterior body wall
  • one either side of vertebral column
    sit at level of T12 to L3 vertebrae
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what are the kidneys partially protected by?

A

ribs 11 - 12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

which kidney lays lower?

A
  • right kidney
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

why does the right kidney lay lower?

A
  • due to large right lobe of liver
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what do the kidneys look like?

A
  • red/brown in colour
  • oval in shape
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

how are kidneys related to diaphragm?

A
  • inferiorly
  • allows to separate from pleural cavities and 12th ribs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what are both kidneys related to?

A
  • superiorly to suprarenal or adrenal glands
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

what is the right kidney related to?

A

anteriorly to:
- liver
- duodenum
- ascending colon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what is the left kidney related to?

A
  • stomach
  • spleen
  • pancreas
  • jejunum
  • descending colon
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

where are the adrenal glands located?

A
  • superior aspect of each kidney
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

what do adrenal glands do?

A
  • produce body chemical messengers (adrenaline & steroid)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

what hormones are secreted from the adrenal cortex?

A
  • cortisol (glucocorticoid)
  • aldosterone (mineralocorticoid)
  • sex hormones (gonadocorticoids)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

what hormones are secreted from the adrenal medulla?

A
  • adrenaline (epinephrine)
  • noradrenaline (norepinephrine)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

how are congenital abnormalities caused?

A
  • by abnormal development of the kidneys and ureters in foetus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

what is a bifid renal pelvis?

A
  • duplex kidney with duplication of renal pelvis and a common ureter
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

where do bifid ureters usually join?

A
  • along their course as separate entrances to the bladder are uncommon
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

where are the kidneys located in embryonic development?

A
  • close together in pelvis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

what is a horseshoe kidney?

A
  • when inferior ends fuse
  • U shaped kidney
  • lies lower than normal kidneys
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

what is the medical term for kidney stones?

A
  • renal calculi
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

what are kidney stones?

A
  • mainly crystal aggregations that form in collecting ducts of kidneys
  • may be deposited anywhere from kidney to urethra
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

what are the symptoms of stones in kidney?

A
  • loin pain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

what are the symptoms of stones in ureter?

A
  • renal colic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

what symptoms are kidney stones generally associated with?

A
  • nausea
  • vomitting
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

what are kidney stones caused from?

A
  • dehydration
  • diet
  • have numerous predisposing illnesses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

what are the ureters?

A
  • two muscular tubes that empty urine from their respective kidneys and carry to urinary bladder
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

what do the walls of the ureters consist of?

A
  • three layers of smooth muscle fibres
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

what do the smooth muscle fibres do?

A
  • spiral around the tube
  • aid peristaltic contractions that force urine into bladder
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

where are the ureters located?

A
  • descend from kidneys
  • behind peritoneum
  • enter the pelvis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

what happens when bladder is full or contracting?

A
  • smooth muscle fibres act as valves and prevent urinary reflux into ureters
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

what are the three regions where the ureters narrow?

A
  1. at junction between ureters and renal pelvis
  2. where ureters cross brim of pelvic bone
  3. in entrance of ureters into bladder
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

what are kidney stones?

A
  • condensations of minerals that can occur in calices of kidneys or ureters
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

where can the calices cause blockages?

A
  • ureters
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

what is the purpose of the bladder?

A
  • temporary reservoir for urine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

what are the properties of the bladder?

A
  • can vary in size, shape, relations and position according to content and state of neighbouring viscera
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

what are the 3 layers of the bladder walls?

A
  1. internal
  2. middle
  3. external
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

what do these 3 layers form?

A
  • detrusor muscle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

what are the alignments of the fibres in the layers?

A
  • internal and external = longitudinal directional
  • middle = roughly circular direction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

what is the bladder musculature?

A
  • distorted continuation of 3 layers of spiral smooth muscle that surround the ureters
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

what is the urinary system lined with?

A
  • specialised epithelium
  • transitional epithelium
  • urothelium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

what are the purposes of these cells?

A
  • can stretch, shift over one another and flatten
  • 1-2 cells thick in empty bladder, 5-6 cells thick in full
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

what are the properties of non distended urothelium?

A
  • cuboidal basal layer
  • polygonal celled middle layers
  • tall columnar cells in surface layer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

where does an empty bladder sit in adults?

A
  • anteriorly in lesser pelvis
  • inferior to peritoneum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

where does a full bladder sit in adults?

A
  • extends superiorly in extraperitoneal fat of anterior body wall
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

where does the bladder sit in infants?

A
  • abdomen when full and empty
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

what is found at the junction between the bladder and the urethra?

A
  • smooth muscle sphincter (internal urethral sphincter)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

what is the smooth muscle sphincter controlled by?

A
  • autonomic innervation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

is the internal urethral sphincter found in males or females?

A
  • males
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

what is the function of the internal urethral sphincter?

A
  • prevents ejaculatory reflux of semen into bladder
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

what is the urethra?

A
  • continuation of smooth muscle of the bladder
  • contains skeletal muscle sphincter (external urethral sphincter)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

what control is the external urethral sphincter under?

A
  • voluntary control
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

what is the urethra?

A
  • muscular walled tube through which urine is expelled from bladder during urination
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

what is the function of the urethra in males?

A
  • transports sperm and semen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

what other structures are present in female urethra?

A
  • vaginal opening
  • urethral opening (external urethral orifice)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

what is the appearance of the urethra in females?

A
  • short
  • straight
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

how does this differ to structure in males?

A
  • longer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

what 4 parts can the male urethra be split into?

A
  1. pre prostatic (intramural)
  2. prostatic
  3. membranous (intermediate)
  4. penile (spongy)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

why are urinary tract infections (UTIs) more common in females?

A
  • female urethra length is shorter
  • proximity to the anus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

what are UTIs?

A
  • urinary tract infections
  • includes bladder, urethra or kidneys
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

what are the symptoms of UTIs?

A
  • pain when urinating
  • needing to urinate more often
  • lower abdomen pain
  • changes to urine (blood or cloudiness)
100
Q

what are the potential causes of UTIs?

A
  • sexual intercourse
  • pregnancy
  • blockages within urinary tract (kidney stones)
  • not drinking enough fluids
  • not keeping the genital region clean and dry
101
Q

what treatment is used for UTIs?

A
  • antibiotics
102
Q

what are the female reproductive organs (gonads)?

A
  • ovaries
103
Q

what are the properties of overies?

A
  • homologous to testes in males
  • in female pelvis
  • left and right
104
Q

where do the ovaries develop?

A
  • high in posterior abdominal wall
  • descend before birth bringing vessels and nerves with them
105
Q

where do the ovaries stop descending?

A
  • lateral wall of pelvic cavity
  • lie inferior to pelvic inlet within peritoneum
106
Q

what is the appearance of the ovaries?

A
  • almond shape and size
  • suspended in mesovarium
107
Q

what are the ovaries the site of?

A
  • ovum release
  • production and release of female sex hormones oestrogen and progesterone
108
Q

how many ova are females born with?

A
  • infinite number
109
Q

what happens to number of ova over time?

A
  • hae set lifespan
  • undergo apoptosis or programmed cell death
  • decline over time
110
Q

what happens at around 50 years old?

A
  • ova begin to run out
  • menstrual cycle becomes erratic
  • fertility declines
111
Q

what does loss of ova cause?

A
  • decreased amount of sex hormones
  • responsible for symptoms of menopause
112
Q

what occurs in menopause?

A
  • sexual organs atrophy
  • breast tissue atrophies
  • skin becomes thinner
  • hot flushes
113
Q

what is the uterus?

A
  • muscular
  • pear shaped organ
114
Q

where is uterus located?

A
  • lesser pelvis
115
Q

what is the uterus the site of?

A
  • implantation of blastocyst
  • subsequent growth of embryo
116
Q

where is the uterus located?

A
  • body of uterus lies on superior surface of empty urinary bladder
117
Q

what is the location of the uterus?

A
  • normally anteverted
  • tipped anteriorly relative to vagina
  • ante flexed
118
Q

what is the structure of the uterus?

A
  • in non pregnant = 7.5cm long, 5cm broad, 2cm thick
  • enlarges during pregnancy
119
Q

what 2 parts can the uterus be divided into?

A
  1. body
  2. the cervix
120
Q

what is the body of the uterus?

A
  • upper 2/3
  • 2 divisions: fundus (rounded roof of uterus) and isthmus (narrow, superior to cervix)
121
Q

what is the cervix?

A
  • cylindrical canal that projects into vagina
122
Q

what are the 3 layers of the wall of the body of the uterus?

A
  1. perimetrium
  2. myometrium
  3. endometrium
123
Q

what does the perimetrium consist of?

A
  • thin layer of connective tissue
  • outer layer
124
Q

what does the myometrium consist of?

A
  • smooth muscle
  • middle layer
125
Q

what does myometrium provide?

A
  • contractile strength required during labour and menstruation
  • contains main branches of blood vessels and nerves
126
Q

what does the endometrium consist of?

A
  • mucous lining of uterus proliferates and degenerates in menstrual cycle
127
Q

what is the function of endometrium?

A
  • provides site for implantation during pregnancy
128
Q

what does the uterus rely on for support?

A
  • muscles (pelvic floor etc.)
  • connective tissues (uterosacral ligaments)
129
Q

what is the purpose of the uterine tubes?

A
  • connect uterus to the ovaries
130
Q

where do the tubes extend?

A
  • laterally from uterus
  • end in finger-like fimbrae
131
Q

what is the function of the finger like fimbrae?

A
  • waft released ova into open end of tube
132
Q

what is the function of the cilia?

A
  • line the tubes
  • aid movement of ova into uterus
133
Q

where does fertilisation occur?

A
  • uterine tubes
134
Q

where does the uterus sit?

A
  • below peritoneum
135
Q

where do the uterine tubes pass through?

A
  • tissue layer
  • open into peritoneal cavity (small distance from ovaries)
136
Q

where is the direct passage from the peritoneal cavity to?

A
  • external environment at opening of vagina
137
Q

where does fertilisation of ovum occur?

A
  • uterine tubes
138
Q

where does implantation occur?

A
  • lining of uterus
139
Q

what is an ectopic pregnancy?

A
  • implantation occurs in other place to uterus (eg. uterine tubes)
  • won’t progress to term
140
Q

what happens when implantation occurs in uterine tubes?

A
  • erodes walls resulting in rupture
  • haemorrhage into peritoneum
141
Q

what does this give rise to?

A
  • severe abdominal pain
  • tenderness
142
Q

where can ectopic pregnancies occur?

A
  • ovaries
  • abdomen
  • cervix
143
Q

what is the cervix?

A
  • opening to the uterus
144
Q

what does the cervix form?

A
  • canal from vagina to uterus
145
Q

what is the cervical canal found between?

A
  • internal and external os
146
Q

what structures does the cervical canal guide?

A
  • sperm to egg for fertilisation
  • during labour, baby moves through dilated canal from uterus
  • produces cervical mucus
  • during menstruation, blood and uterine tissue exits into vagina
  • where contraceptive methods act
147
Q

what is the structure of the epithelium of the canal?

A
  • squamos at internal os
  • stratified at external os
    (protects from acidic environments of vagina)
148
Q

what is this area of tissue predisposed to?

A
  • cancerous changes
149
Q

what happens to cervix during adolescence?

A
  • everts slightly
  • brings squamous epithelium into contact with acidic environment of vagina
150
Q

what does the change in pH stimulate?

A
  • transformation of epithelium into more protective stratified epithelium within transformation zone
151
Q

what does change in cellular composition increase?

A
  • chances of cancerous cells developing
152
Q

what is the purpose of a smear test?

A
  • monitor epithelium of cervix for cancerous changes
153
Q

what is cervical intraepithelial neoplasia?

A
  • 3 levels exist
    stage 1 = mild, unlikely to develop into cancer
    stage 2 = moderate, 50% risk of cancerous
    stage 3 = severe and encompasses the first stages of cervical cancer
154
Q

what is the vagina?

A
  • musculo-membranous tube that connects the uterus to the external genitalia
155
Q

what does the superior end of vagina surround?

A
  • cervix
156
Q

where does inferior end open up into?

A
  • vestibule (depression between labia minora)
157
Q

what is the position of the vagina?

A
  • collapsed
  • anterior and posterior walls in contact
  • held apart by cervix at superior end
158
Q

what does the vagina run through?

A
  • lesser pelvis
159
Q

how are the vaginal fornices formed?

A
  • the recession around the cervix
160
Q

what is a speculum used for?

A
  • to dilate vaginal canal, particularly during cervical screening
161
Q

what is the vagina related to posteriorly?

A
  • base of bladder and urethra
162
Q

what is the vagina related to medially?

A
  • pelvic muscles, fascia, urethra
163
Q

what is the vagina related to anteriorly?

A
  • anal canal
  • rectum
  • rectouterine pouch
164
Q

what is the vulva?

A
  • external genitalia of the female
165
Q

what is the vulva made up of?

A
  • external part of clitoris (glans)
  • labia major and minora
  • various skin folds
  • vestibule
166
Q

what is the clitoris?

A
  • female homologue of penis
167
Q

what is the clitoris made up of?

A
  • erectile tissue
168
Q

what is the clitoris formed of?

A
  • body and glans
  • formed respectively from crura of clitoris and bulbs of vestibule
169
Q

what is the glans clitoris part of?

A
  • external genitalia of the female
170
Q

where do the other aspects of the clitoris sit?

A
  • deep within the perineum
171
Q

what happens at the ventral aspect?

A
  • labia minora bisect and envelop clitoris
  • anteriorly forms the prepuce (clitoral hood)- homologue to foreskin of penis
172
Q

what is the labia majora?

A
  • hair lined skin folds
173
Q

what is the labia minora?

A
  • hairless skin folds
174
Q

where to the labia minora sit?

A
  • medial to the labia majora
175
Q

what is the vestibule?

A
  • depression between labia minora
  • where vaginal and urethral openings are located
176
Q

what are the testes?

A
  • firm, mobile, ovoid organs
  • suspended in scrotum by spermatic cord
177
Q

what are the testes covered by?

A
  • fibrous coat called tunica albuginea
178
Q

what is the function of the testes?

A
  • to produce sperm and hormones (testosterone)
179
Q

what is each testes divided into internally?

A
  • lobules by fibrous septa
180
Q

what lies within the lobules?

A
  • seminiferous tubules
181
Q

what do the tubules open into?

A
  • network of channels called rete testis
182
Q

what do the efferent ductules do?

A
  • join rete testes to epididymis
183
Q

what is the epididymis?

A
  • long coiled tube that lies posterior to testes
  • tightly compacted so appears solid
184
Q

where does the epithelial cell height decrease from?

A
  • head of epididymis at superior end of testis to tail of epididymis
185
Q

what does the length of the epididymis act as?

A
  • storage
  • maturation site for spermatozoa
186
Q

what is the tail of the epididymis continuous with?

A
  • ductus deferens that passes into spermatic cord
187
Q

what is the tunica vaginalis?

A
  • double layer of connective tissue
  • closed peritoneal sac
188
Q

what is the visceral layer closely applied to?

A
  • testis
  • epididymis
  • inferior part of ductus deferens
189
Q

what does the parietal layer extend further than?

A
  • visceral layer
  • reaches into distal spermatic cord
190
Q

what does fluid in the cavity between layers allow?

A
  • reduced friction
  • testis to move freely
191
Q

what is the spermatic cord?

A
  • suspends testis in scrotum
  • contains structures running to and from testis
192
Q

what is the spermatic cord covered by?

A
  • internal spermatic fascia
  • cremasteric fascia
  • external spermatic fascia
193
Q

what are these derived from?

A
  • layers of abdominal wall as testis passes through as descends into scrotum in early childhood
194
Q

what does the spermatic cord consist of?

A
  • ductus deferens (carrying sperm)
  • blood vessels (supplying and draining testicular blood)
  • sympathetic and somatic nerves
  • lymphatic vessels
195
Q

what is the ductus deferens?

A
  • continuation of epididymis
196
Q

what is the location of the ductus deferens?

A
  • in spermatic cord into abdominal cavity
  • loops over ureter and descends posterior to urinary bladder
197
Q

what does the ductus deferens combine with?

A
  • seminal vesicle to form ejaculatory duct
198
Q

what are the purposes of the accessory structures of the male reproductive tract?

A
  • producing seminal fluid
199
Q

what is the purpose of seminal fluid?

A
  • help sperm survive in female reproductive tract
200
Q

what percentage of volume is sperm of seminal fluid?

A
  • 1%
201
Q

what are the seminal vesicles?

A
  • obliquely placed elongated glands
  • around 5cm long
202
Q

where do the seminal vesicles lie?

A
  • posteroinferior to bladder
  • anterior to rectum
  • inferior to peritoneum
203
Q

what do the seminal vesicles produce?

A
  • 60-70% of final volume of seminal fluid
  • secrete components of seminal fluid that combine with sperm as pass into ejaculatory ducts
204
Q

what is the acidity of the fluid produced by the seminal vesicles?

A
  • alkaline fluid
  • protects sperm from acidic nature of female reproductive tract
205
Q

what does the fluid also contain?

A
  • fructose (energy)
  • prostaglandins
  • coagulation factors
206
Q

what is the function of prostaglandins in the fluid?

A
  • lower female immune response to seminal fluid
  • improves sperm motility to uterine tubes
207
Q

what is the function of coagulation factors in the fluid?

A
  • coagulate seminal fluid
  • helps to deliver sperm as directly as possible to the cervix
208
Q

what are the ejaculatory ducts?

A
  • short tubes (2.5cm long)
  • arise from combination of ductus deferens and ducts of seminal vesicles
209
Q

where do the ejaculatory ducts rise?

A
  • near neck of the bladder
  • pass through posterior part of prostate
210
Q

what is the prostate gland?

A
  • 3cm long
  • largest accessory gland
211
Q

what is the base of the prostate gland closely related to?

A
  • neck of bladder
212
Q

what is the anterior surface deep to?

A
  • pubic symphysis
213
Q

what is the posterior surface closely related to?

A
  • rectum
214
Q

what do the prostatic ducts open into?

A
  • prostatic urethra
215
Q

what is the prostatic fluid?

A
  • thin
  • milky
  • supplies 20-25% of volume of semen
  • secretions aid sperm mobility
216
Q

where do the bulbourethral glands lie?

A
  • inferior to prostate gland at level of membranous urethra
217
Q

where do the bulbourethral glands ducts open into?

A
  • penile/spongy urethra sooner after external urethral sphincter
218
Q

what is the composition of the secretion from the bulbourethral glands?

A
  • transparent
  • viscous
  • adds volume to the semen
219
Q

what do these glands produce?

A
  • pre ejaculate
  • flushes out the urethra and acts as lubricant
220
Q

what is prostatic hyperplasia?

A
  • benign process
  • prostate enlargement
  • usually linked to ageing and changes in cells of testicles
221
Q

what ages is presentation expected?

A
  • 65-85
222
Q

where does prostatic hyperplasia occur?

A
  • centrally
223
Q

where does malignancy occur?

A
  • peripheral tissue
224
Q

what are the characteristics of growth in malignancy?

A
  • slow
  • asymptomatic
  • often death of unrelated causes
225
Q

what are the symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) due to?

A
  • enlarged gland pressing on other structures
226
Q

what does bladder outlet obstruction cause?

A
  • urinary retention
  • hesitancy
  • poor stream
  • double voiding
227
Q

what does prostate cancer present initially as?

A
  • back pain from bony metastases to the spine
228
Q

what do malignant growths feel like?

A
  • nodular
  • irregular
229
Q

what do benign growths feel like?

A
  • smooth
230
Q

what does the penis contain?

A
  • erectile tissue
231
Q

what does the human sexual response cause?

A
  • erectile tissues to fill with blood
  • results in erection
232
Q

what occurs during sexual intercourse?

A
  • penis inserted into female reproductive tract
233
Q

what occurs during ejuculation?

A
  • sperm and seminal fluid are deposited into vaginal canal of female
234
Q

what is the penis homologous to?

A
  • clitoris
235
Q

what is the penis made up of?

A
  • root
  • body
  • glans
236
Q

what is the root made up of?

A
  • bulb of penis
237
Q

where does the root of the penis sit?

A
  • deep with perineum
238
Q

what is the erectile tissue found in penis?

A
  • corpus spongiosum
  • corpora cavenosa
239
Q

what is the corpus spongiosum?

A
  • spongy tissue
  • penile/spongy urethra travels through
240
Q

what does the sponginess of the tissue avoid?

A
  • occlusion of urethra during erection
241
Q

where is the majority of penis and scrotum positioned?

A
  • perineum
  • sit externally
242
Q

what does the scrotum house?

A
  • testes
243
Q

what is the frenulum?

A
  • connects the skin from body of penis to glans penis
244
Q

what is the foreskin or prepuce?

A
  • fold of skin that covers the glans penis and can be retracted back
245
Q

what is the gonad the embryological precursor of?

A

female = ovary
male = testis

246
Q

what is the para the embryological precursor of?

A

anatomy psc2018 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions