Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

anatomy psc2018 > intro to anatomy > Flashcards

intro to anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what is gross anatomy?

A

large, visible structures revealed by dissection
eg. blood vessels, nerves, viscera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is surface anatomy?

A

using palpable surface landmarks to locate internal structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is micro anatomy/histology?

A

cant be seen by the naked eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the anatomical position?

A
  • facing forward
  • arms out, palms facing forward
  • right and left side based from patients view
  • penis erect
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what does prone mean?

A

face down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what does supine mean?

A

face up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the 6 groups of positional terms?

A
  1. superficial (surface) and deep (within)
  2. proximal (close to centre of body, close to origin) and distal (further away)
  3. medial (towards middle plane) and lateral (further out)
  4. anterior (front) and posterior (back)
  5. ventral (front) and dorsal (back)
  6. superior (upper/towards top) and inferior (lower)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the 4 anatomical planes?

A
  1. transverse
  2. coronal
  3. sagittal
  4. oblique
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the transverse plane?

A
  • splits body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) sections
  • horizontal or axial plane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the coronal plane?

A
  • splits body into anterior and posterior
  • frontal plane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the sagittal plane?

A
  • splits body into left and right sections
  • sits directly in midline of body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the oblique plane?

A
  • splits body at angle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the definition of viscera?

A

the internal organs in the main cavities of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the definition of process?

A

a projection or outgrowth of tissue from a larger body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the definition of tubercle?

A

any round nodule, small eminence, or warty outgrowth found on an anatomical structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the definition of articulate?

A

to form a joint, the action or manner of jointing between bones and/or cartilages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what word does rectus come from?

A

straight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what word does teres come from?

A

rounded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what does the word glosso relate to?

A

tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the definition of intra?

A

inside or within

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the definition of para?

A

beside, alongside of

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the definition of sigmoid?

A

crescent, S shaped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what word does dura come from?

A

tough or hard

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what does hypo mean?

A

under or below

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what does genio relate to?

A

chin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is the definition of papilla?

A

nipple or small protuberance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is the meaning of bilateral?

A

relating to two sides/affects both sides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is meaning of unilateral?

A

relates to one side/affects one side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is the meaning of ipsilateral?

A

belonging to or occurring on same site of body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is meaning of contralateral?

A

relating to the side of the body opposite where the situation is

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is the dorsum?

A

dorsal surface of hand or foot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

why are vertebral levels used to define location structure?

A
  • only anatomical structure that is consistent between thorax, abdomen and pelvis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what are the 4 vertebrae segments?

A
  1. 7 cervival vertebrae C1-C7 (superior)
  2. 12 thoracic vertebrae T1-T12
  3. 5 lumbar vertebrae L1-L5
  4. 5 sacral vertebrae S1-S5
  5. coccygeal vertebrae (inferior)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what is found in cervical segment?

A
  • spinous process
  • lamina
  • pedicle
  • axis (C2)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what is found in thoracic segment?

A
  • vertebral canal
  • intervertebral foramina
  • spinous process overlapping inferior vertebra
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what is found in the lumbar segment?

A
  • intervertebral discs
  • hipbone
  • lamina
  • spinous process
  • pedicle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what is found in the sacrum section?

A
  • lumbosacral angle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what are the different body regions?

A

head and neck
trunk
thorax
abdomen
pelvis
upper limb
lower limb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what are the features of the head and neck region?

A
  • contains brain and sensory organs
  • houses beginning of respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what does the neck act as?

A

passageway between head and thorax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what does the neck contain?

A
  • blood vessels coming from heart and travelling to head
  • nerves coming from brain and spinal chord travelling towards more inferior structures
42
Q

what are the two important structures sitting within the neck?

A
  • larynx
  • oesophagus
43
Q

way are the properties of the trunk?

A
  • central mass of human body
44
Q

what 3 regions is the trunk separated into?

A

thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavities

45
Q

what does the trunk contain?

A
  • thoracic inlet
  • thoracic cage
  • thoracic diaphragm
  • abdomino-pelvic cavity
  • pelvic inlet
  • pubic symphysis
  • pelvic diaphragm
46
Q

what are the features of the thorax region?

A
  • contains heart, lungs and great vessels
47
Q

what is the boundary of the thorax made of?

A
  • thoracic cage and thoracic wall muscles
  • known as rib cage
48
Q

what are the boundaries of the thorax?

A
  • superior boundary (superior thoracic inlet)
  • inferior boundary (diaphragm)
  • posterior boundary (ribs and thoracic vertebrae)
  • anterior boundary (ribs, costal cartilage and sternum)
49
Q

what is the thoracic cavity?

A

space within the thoracic cage

50
Q

what are the different regions of the thoracic cavity?

A
  • mediastinum (middle)
  • left pleural cavity
  • right pleural cavity
51
Q

where is the abdomen positioned?

A
  • it extends from diaphragm superiorly
  • anterolateral abdomen wall forms lateral boundaries of abdomen
52
Q

what is the abdomen made up of?

A
  • viscera from gastrointestinal/digestive and genitourinary systems
53
Q

what are the main structures found in the abdominal cavity?

A
  • liver
  • gallbladder
  • oesophagus
  • stomach
  • spleen
  • small intestine
  • large intestine
  • kidney
  • adrenal gland
54
Q

what are the 2 models of regions of the abdomen?

A

9 region model and 4 component model

55
Q

what are the sections in the 9 region model?

A
  • right hypochondrium
  • epigastric region
  • left hypochondrium
  • right flank/lumbar region
  • umbilical region
  • left flank/lumbar region
  • right iliac fossa
  • hypogastric/suprapubic region
  • left iliac fossa
56
Q

what are the sections in the 4 quadrant model?

A
  • right upper quadrant
  • left upper quadrant
  • right lower quadrant
  • left lower quadrant
57
Q

what is the pelvic cavity protected and supported by?

A

ilium
ischium
pubis

58
Q

what does the ilium articulate (form joint) with?

A

sacrum posteriorly

59
Q

what are the two subdivisions of the pelvis?

A

greater false pelvis and lesser true pelvis

60
Q

where is the greater false pelvis located?

A

between two large ilium bones

61
Q

where is the lesser pelvis located?

A

deep to the pubic bone
inferior to the pelvic inlet

62
Q

what does the pelvic cavity contain?

A
  • structures of the genitourinary tract
  • differs dependent on sex
63
Q

what are the common features of the male and female pelvic cavity?

A
  • rectum
  • anal canal
  • anal aperture
  • bladder
  • urethra
64
Q

what are the separate features of female pelvic cavity?

A
  • uterine tube
  • ovary
  • uterus
  • vagina
65
Q

what are the separate features of male pelvic cavity?

A
  • seminal vesicle
  • ductus deferens
  • prostate
  • ejuaculatory duct
66
Q

what does the upper limb consist of?

A
  • shoulder, arm, forearm and hand
  • attaches to axial skeleton through the scapula
  • scapula, humorous, radius etc.
67
Q

what does the lower limb consist of?

A
  • thigh, lower leg and foot
68
Q

what is the definition of body systems?

A

group of body organs that together perform one or more vital functions

69
Q

what are the different body systems humans have?

A
  • integumentary
  • skeletal
  • muscular
  • cardiovascular
  • respiratory
  • endocrine
  • immune
  • gastrointestinal / digestive
  • genitourinary/urogenital
  • nervous
70
Q

define cardiovascular system

A
  • consists of heart, blood vessels, and blood
  • transports nutrients and oxygen rich blood to body
  • carries deoxygenated blood to lungs
71
Q

define respiratory system

A
  • consist of nasal cavity, larynx, tracheobronchial tree, lungs
  • for breathing and gas exchange
72
Q

define skeletal system

A
  • consists of bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments
  • structural and locomotive function
73
Q

define integumentary system

A
  • includes epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, glands, hair and nerves
  • largest organ of body
  • forms physical barrier between internal and external environment
74
Q

define muscular system

A
  • consists of specialised cells called muscle fibres
  • attached to bones or structures responsible for movement
75
Q

define the genitourinary/urogenital system

A
  • split into urinary and reproductive system
  • consists of kidney, ureters, bladder, urethra and sexual organs
76
Q

define gastrointestinal / digestive system

A
  • consists of mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, pancreas
  • help body digest food and liquids
77
Q

define immune system

A
  • consists of network of biological processes that protects organism from diseases
  • detects and responds to wide variety of pathogens
78
Q

define nervous system

A
  • consists of brain, spinal chord, peripheral nerves, sensory organs and other nervous tissue
  • coordinates actions and sensory information by transmitting signals to and from different parts of body
79
Q

define endocrine system

A
  • messenger system
  • comprises feedback loops of hormones released by internal glands into circulatory system
  • regulates target organs
80
Q

what two types of tissue does the skeleton consist of?

A

connective tissue: bone and cartilage

81
Q

what are the four main functions of the skeleton?

A
  1. protects major organs
  2. forms mechanical basis for movement
  3. haemopoesis - erythrocytes and B lymphocytes made in bone marrow
  4. storage of salts in bone
82
Q

what Is bone?

A

highly vascular living tissue

83
Q

what are the two types of bone?

A

compact and spongy

84
Q

what is compact bone?

A
  • strong
  • dense
  • provides strength
  • have superficial layer of it on all bones
85
Q

what is spongy bone?

A
  • cancellous bone
  • less dense
  • numerous air spaces
  • forms core of most bones
  • bones are lighter so aids movement
86
Q

what is cartilage?

A
  • doesnt have nerve/blood supply like bone does
  • relies on diffusion to gain nutrients and oxygen
  • more flexible
87
Q

what is hyaline cartilage?

A
  • most common
  • present in adults as articular cartilage in joints and supports airways (rings of cartilage)
88
Q

what is fibrocartilage?

A
  • found in articular disks within joints, in intervertebral discs and around edge of ball and socket joints
  • tougher
89
Q

what is elastic cartilage?

A
  • highly resilient due to elastic fibres contained in its structure
  • found in external ear, auditory tube, epiglottis and parts of larynx
90
Q

what is the axial skeleton?

A
  • includes all bones along the bodys long axis
  • includes bones forming skull, vertebral column and thoracic cage
91
Q

what is the appendicular skeleton?

A

the bones that append to the axial skeleton

92
Q

learn bones on canvas

A
93
Q

what is osteoporosis?

A
  • disease of ageing
  • characterised by decrease in bone mass and strength
94
Q

what is osteomalacia?

A
  • has change in proportion of calcified to uncalcified base material
95
Q

what does decreased bone mass lead to?

A
  • increase in fractures as bones more brittle
96
Q

what occurs after a fracture?

A
  • blood vessels in and around the bone rupture and bleed - releases factors that aid repair
  • clot formed calcifies to become callus joining the pieces together
97
Q

what happens after neck of femur fracture?

A
  • has poor blood supply so in event of fracture incomplete repair is possible
  • head of femur becomes necrotic
  • whole joint must be replaced
98
Q

what is the head of femur?

A
  • most proximal part of femur or thigh which articulates with the pelvis at acetabulum
99
Q

what is neck of femur?

A

joins the head of the femur to the shaft of the femur or thigh bone

100
Q

what is osteomalacia?

A

soft bones, often caused by Vitamin D deficiency

101
Q

what does necrotic mean?

A

describes dead tissue, often due to trauma or disease

anatomy psc2018 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions