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anatomy psc2018 > immune system > Flashcards

immune system Flashcards

1
Q

what are neutrophils?

A
  • most predominant type of granulocyte in blood
  • phagocytic
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2
Q

where are neutrophils found?

A
  • sites of acute inflammation
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3
Q

what is a granulocyte?

A
  • immune cell
  • has granules (small particles)
  • has enzymes that are released during infections, allergic reactions, asthma
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4
Q

what are eosinophils?

A
  • ## granulocytes
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5
Q

what are eosinophils important in?

A
  • defence against parasitic infections (numbers increase)
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6
Q

what are eosinophils involved in?

A
  • atopic reactions eg. asthma
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7
Q

what are basophils?

A
  • granulocytes found in low numbers in blood
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8
Q

what is function of basophils?

A
  • similar and complimentary to eosinophils and mast cells
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9
Q

what do granules contain?

A
  • histamine
  • leukotriene
  • vasoactive mediators
  • platelet activating factor
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10
Q

what are macrophages?

A
  • major phagocytic cells
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11
Q

what do macrophages play a part in?

A
  • innate immunity
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12
Q

where are macrophages found?

A
  • all body tissues
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13
Q

what is a monocyte?

A
  • circulating cell
  • differentiates into macrophage upon migration into tissues
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14
Q

what are the different forms of lymphocytes?

A
  • B cells
  • T cells
  • natural killer (NK) cells
  • mast cells
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15
Q

what happens once B cells are activated?

A
  • differentiate into antibody secreting plasma cells
  • part of specific immune response
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16
Q

what are T cells?

A
  • thymus matured lymphocytes
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17
Q

what are the two types of T cell?

A
  • cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)
  • helper T lymphocyte
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18
Q

what is the function of cytotoxic T lymphocyte?

A
  • kills virus infected cells
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19
Q

what is the function of helper T lymphocytes?

A
  • activate other cells like B cells and macrophages
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20
Q

what are natural killer cells?

A
  • large, granular lymphocytes
  • form part of innate immune response
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21
Q

what do natural killer cells lack?

A
  • antigen specific receptors
  • but can still detect and attack some virus infected cells
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22
Q

where are mast cells found?

A
  • across many tissues, near small blood vessels
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23
Q

what happens once mast cells are activated?

A
  • release substances from granules that affect vascular permeability
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24
Q

what do these granules contain?

A
  • histamine
  • heparin
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25
Q

what do mast cells have a role in?

A
  • allergy
  • protecting mucosal surfaces from pathogens
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26
Q

where are all immune cells created and matured?

A
  • primary lymphoid tissues (thymus and bone marrow)
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27
Q

what are immune cells produced from?

A
  • haematopoietic stem cells
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28
Q

what happens once the immune cells are matured?

A
  • leave primary lymphoid tissue
  • enter circulatory system
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29
Q

what can recirculate between non lymphoid tissue and secondary lymphoid tissue?

A
  • lymphocytes
  • mononuclear phagocytes
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30
Q

what are the benefits of recirculation?

A
  • increases likelihood the lymphocytes will be exposed to pathogens picked up in tissues from all over body
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31
Q

where is primary lymphoid tissue found?

A
  • thymus
  • left and right subclavian vein
  • heart
  • bone marrow
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32
Q

where is secondary lymphoid tissue found?

A
  • adenoid
  • tonsil
  • lymph node
  • thoracic duct
  • spleen
  • Peyers patch (small intestine)
  • appendix
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33
Q

what are primary lymphoid tissues?

A
  • where lymphocytes develop and mature to stage where they can now recognise an antigen
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34
Q

what are primary lymphoid tissues also known as?

A
  • central lymphoid organs
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35
Q

what do primary lymphoid tissues consist of?

A
  • bone marrow
  • thymus
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36
Q

what are all immune cells derived from?

A
  • haematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow
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37
Q

what are the two types of marrow?

A
  • red
  • yellow
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38
Q

what is red marrow involved in?

A
  • haematopoiesis (formation of blood cellular components)
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39
Q

what is yellow marrow made up of?

A
  • adipocytes
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40
Q

where does haematopoiesis take place at birth?

A
  • medullary cavities of bone
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41
Q

where does haematopoiesis occur in adulthood?

A
  • axial skeleton
  • medullary cavities are left with only adipocytes
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42
Q

what do lymphocytes descend from?

A
  • common lymphoid progenitor
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43
Q

where do B cells mature?

A
  • bone marrow
  • enter blood but most die as fail to meet antigen
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44
Q

what happens to T cells?

A
  • leave bone marrow as immature progenitors
  • travel to thymus via blood
  • complete maturation and undergo selection
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45
Q

where does the thymus sit?

A
  • within thorax (superior and anterior mediastinum)
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46
Q

where is the thymus positioned?

A
  • anterior/superficial to heart and pericardium
  • posterior to sternum
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47
Q

where do T cells complete maturation?

A
  • thymus
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48
Q

what happens to thymus during childhood?

A
  • gradually enlarges when most active
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49
Q

what happens to thymus after puberty?

A
  • beings to reduce in size and function
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50
Q

what occurs to developing T cells using maturation?

A
  • die in thymus as fail to produce a T cell receptor useful immune system
51
Q

where do pro T cells travel to?

A
  • thymus and enter cortex
52
Q

what happens with positive selection?

A
  • selects for T cells capable of recognising self MHC molecules and peptides
53
Q

what does MHC stand for?

A
  • major histocompatibility complex
54
Q

what do MHC molecules do?

A
  • responsible for antigen presentation at cellular level
55
Q

what are presented antigen examined by?

A
  • cells of immune system (usually T cells)
56
Q

what are the 2 MHC classes?

A
  • MHC-1
  • MHC-2
  • different types of T cells are sensitive to each
57
Q

what happens in thymus to cells able to detect MHC-1 and peptide?

A
  • become cytotoxic T cells
58
Q

what happens in thymus to cells able to detect MHC-2 plus peptide?

A
  • become T helper cells
59
Q

what do cortical epithelial cells do?

A
  • present antigens to T cells on MHC-1 and MHC-2
60
Q

what happens if T cell doesnt recognise the protein-MHC complex?

A
  • T cell dies by apoptosis after 4 days
61
Q

what percentage of al lT cells making it to thymus fall to this fate?

A
  • 95%
62
Q

what happens if T cell successfully recognises the MHC-protein complex?

A
  • it receives ‘survival signals’ which prevent it entering apoptosis
63
Q

where do surviving T cells advance to?

A
  • medullary region
64
Q

what happens once reach medullary region?

A
  • negative selection eliminates T cells that would recognise self-peptide and be dangerous to body
65
Q

what happens in the medulla?

A
  • dendritic cells present self antigen to T cells on MHC-1 and MHC-2
66
Q

what happens now to cells recognising and binding antigens?

A
  • given death signal
  • told to undergo apoptosis
67
Q

what happens to the cells that don’t bind after 4 days?

A
  • deemed useful and leave thymus to enter bloodstream
68
Q

where are secondary lymphoid tissues found?

A
  • sites where mature lymphocytes are exposed to and stimulated by antigen
69
Q

what are secondary lymphoid tissues also known as?

A
  • peripheral lymphoid organs
70
Q

what are examples of secondary lymphoid tissues?

A
  • lymph vessels
  • lymph nodes
  • spleen
  • mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
71
Q

is lymphoid migration to secondary lymphoid tissues random or specific?

A
  • highly specific
72
Q

what is the process of migration?

A
  • enter high endothelial venules (HEVs)
  • express specific adhesion molecules on endothelium so lymphocytes bind
73
Q

what does this adhesion lead to?

A
  • lymphocyte squeezing through endothelium into node
74
Q

what do lymph vessels do?

A
  • drain tissue fluid from connective tissue
75
Q

where do lymph vessels empty via?

A
  • thoracic duct to left venous angle between interior jugular vein and subclavian vein
76
Q

what is the unidirectional flow ensured by?

A
  • valves
  • without anatomical pump
77
Q

what happens to antigens and foreign materials?

A
  • drained from site of infection (connective tissue)
  • carried to lymph nodes
78
Q

what are lymph nodes?

A
  • highly organised
  • bean shaped structures at unctions between lymph vessels
79
Q

where are lymph nodes aggregated?

A
  • neck
  • groins
80
Q

what is the function of lymph nodes?

A
  • filter lymph from tissues
81
Q

what happens to antigen in lymph node?

A
  • is trapped
  • taken up by antigen presenting cells
  • presented to lymphocytes passing through node
82
Q

where do afferent lympatics enter node?

A
  • in cortex
  • pass through paracortex
83
Q

where do afferent lymphatics exit?

A
  • via efferent lymphatic in medulla
84
Q

where do high endothelial venules enter lymph node?

A
  • paracortex
85
Q

where are B cells located?

A
  • in primary and secondary follicles in cortex
86
Q

where are T cells located?

A
  • paracortex region
87
Q

what do lymphoid tissues contain?

A
  • lymphoid follicles made up of lymphoid dendritic cells and B lymphocytes
88
Q

what do primary follicles contain?

A
  • resting B lymphocytes
89
Q

what are primary follicles the site of?

A
  • where germinal centres form when entered by activated B cells
  • forms secondary follicles
90
Q

where do antigens and cells from tissues enter lymph node?

A
  • at afferent lymphatics
  • through node
  • exit via efferent lymphatics
91
Q

where do lymphocytes an phagocytes enter HEVs?

A
  • points where exposed to antigen
92
Q

what happens if cell doesnt detect antigen?

A
  • leaves via efferent lymph node
  • later returns to blood via thoracic duct
93
Q

what is the spleen?

A
  • fist sized organ
  • associated posteriorly with left ribs 9-11
94
Q

where does the spleen rest?

A
  • left colic flexure of large intestine
95
Q

where does the tail of pancreas point?

A
  • towards spleen
96
Q

which side of the abdomen does it sit on?

A
  • left side
  • within hypochondrium region
97
Q

what does the spleen do?

A
  • collects antigen from the blood, presenting to lymphocytes
98
Q

what is the purpose of the spleen?

A
  • to filter blood, removes and disposes of ageing red blood cells and immune complexes
99
Q

what are the two distinct compartments of the spleen?

A
  • red pulp
  • white pulp
100
Q

what is the red pulp?

A
  • well perfused tissue
  • responsible for filtration role of spleen
  • removes ageing and damaged rbc from circulation
101
Q

what is the white pulp?

A
  • many similarities to lymph node
  • packed with T cells, B cells and dendritic cells
  • sifts antigen from blood instead of lymph
102
Q

where are T cells located?

A
  • periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS)
103
Q

where are B cells located?

A
  • beyond sheath in corona around a germinal centre
104
Q

where are mucosa associated lymphoid tissues found (MALT)?

A

under epithelium of:
- respiratory tract
- gastrointestinal tract
- genitourinary tract

105
Q

what dies the gut associated lymphoid tissues contain? (GALT)

A
  • tonsils and adenoids
  • peyers patches (small intestine)
  • appendix
106
Q

what do tonsils and adenoids have?

A
  • small wrinkles called crypts
  • subdivide further inside the tonsil
107
Q

what are the different types of tonsil?

A
  • palatine tonsils
  • tubal tonsils
  • lingual tonsils
108
Q

what are palatine tonsils?

A
  • located at back of oral cavity on each side
109
Q

what are the tubal tonsils?

A
  • located in nasopharynx
  • near opening to inner ear internally
110
Q

what are the lingual tonsils?

A
  • sit at base of tongue
111
Q

what do the 4 different tonsils create?

A
  • ring around openings of nasal and oral cavities
111
Q

what are the adenoids?

A
  • type of tonsil (pharyngeal tonsil)
  • located high in nasopharynx behind nasal cavity and soft palate
112
Q

what does the ring provide?

A
  • line of defence against pathogens which may enter into these openings
  • known as waldeyers ring
113
Q

what is the function of tonsils?

A
  • present antibody to cells of immune system
  • similar function to lymph nodes
114
Q

what happens if you have infection?

A
  • antigen from pathogen appears in lymphatics
115
Q

what happens if antigen enters tonsils?

A
  • presented to cels of immune system
  • if recognised, begins to rapidly divide
116
Q

what does the rapid division of cells cause?

A
  • tonsils to swell
117
Q

what are the symptoms of tonsillitis?

A
  • sore throat
  • pain or discomfort when swallowing
  • fever
  • swollen glands (lymph nodes) in neck
118
Q

what is the treatment for tonsillitis?

A
  • course of antibiotics
119
Q

what is tonsillectomies?

A
  • removal of tonsils
120
Q

where are peyers patches located?

A
  • mucosa throughout small intestine
  • particularly in ileum
121
Q

what are payers patches?

A
  • specialised lymphoid tissue for collecting antigen present in GI tract
122
Q

what do they comprise?

A
  • primary and secondary follicles located immediately beneath specialist epithelium known as follicular associated epithelium
123
Q

what is the appendix?

A
  • part of large intestine
  • associated with caecum and has role in immune system
  • susceptible to infection

anatomy psc2018 (8 decks)

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