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anatomy psc2018 > central nervous system > Flashcards

central nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

what does the central nervous system consist of?

A
  • brain
  • spinal cord
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2
Q

how is information relayed to the CNS?

A
  • by afferent neurones in peripheral nervous system
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3
Q

what does the CNS do with the information?

A
  • collects and processes it
  • stores info and responds when appropriate
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4
Q

how and where is information transported out CNS to?

A
  • to effector cells
  • by the efferent neurones of the peripheral nervous system
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5
Q

what is the brain divided into?

A
  • two hemispheres
    (left and right)
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6
Q

what does the left hemisphere control?

A
  • logic
  • numbers
  • language
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7
Q

what does the left hemisphere process?

A
  • sensory and motor pathway for the right side of the body
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8
Q

what does the right hemisphere control?

A
  • creativity
  • imagination
  • rhythm
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9
Q

what does the right hemisphere process?

A
  • sensory and motor pathways of left side of body
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10
Q

what are the two hemispheres joined by?

A
  • neural bridge of nerve fibres known as corpus callosum
  • allows communication
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11
Q

where is the corpus callosum seen?

A
  • superiorly by looking down through deep fissure between two halves
  • medial view by separating the cerebral hemispheres
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12
Q

what are the different components of the brain?

A
  • forebrain
  • midbrain
  • hindbrain
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13
Q

what does the forebrain consist of?

A
  • cerebrum
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
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14
Q

is the midbrain divided into more areas?

A
  • no
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15
Q

what does the hindbrain consist of?

A
  • cerebellum
  • pons
  • medulla
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16
Q

what does the brainstem consist of?

A
  • midbrain
  • pons
  • medulla
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17
Q

what is the function of the midbrain?

A
  • controls higher functions
  • controls eye movement
  • controls auditory system
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18
Q

what is the function of the medulla?

A
  • controls very basic, life sustaining functions
  • eg. breathing, heart rate
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19
Q

what does the pons have roles in?

A
  • consciousness
  • posture
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20
Q

what does the cerebellum consist of?

A
  • two mounds of folded tissue posterior to brainstem
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21
Q

what is the cerebellum connected to the brainstem by?

A
  • three peduncles (bands of neurones resembling a stalk)
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22
Q

what is the role of cerebellum?

A
  • motor functions
  • motor learning (riding bike)
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23
Q

what does the cerebellum receive inputs from?

A
  • ascending sensory pathways from body
  • descending motor pathways from cerebrum
  • other info from brainstem
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24
Q

what is the thalamus?

A
  • relay point
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25
Q

what happens at the thalamus?

A
  • all inputs to cerebrum synapse before ascending to cerebral cortex
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26
Q

what is the main function of the hypothalamus?

A
  • homeostasis
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27
Q

what does the hypothalamus directly control?

A
  • blood pressure
  • body temperature
  • fluid and electrolyte balance
  • body weight
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28
Q

what body processes are controlled by hypothalamus?

A
  • heart rate
  • vasoconstriction
  • digestion
  • sweating
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29
Q

where does the autonomic nervous system originate?

A
  • hypothalamus via inputs to medulla
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30
Q

what does stimulation of pituitary gland cause?

A
  • release of hormones
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31
Q

what does most of the volume of cerebral hemispheres consist of?

A
  • white matter
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32
Q

what does the white matter contain?

A
  • axons
33
Q

what do the axons connect?

A
  • cell bodies found in grey matter
34
Q

what does the grey matter make up?

A
  • cerebral cortex
35
Q

where does grey matter exist?

A
  • surface of hemispheres
36
Q

what does the cerebral cortex control?

A
  • intelligence
  • personality
  • interpretation of sensory impulses
  • motor function
  • planning and organisation
  • touch sensation
37
Q

what is the sulci?

A
  • inholdings of brain
  • mark boundary of different functions
38
Q

what is the gyri?

A
  • sticky out bits between sulci
  • areas of functional grey matter
39
Q

what are the key structures of the brain?

A
  • frontal lobe
  • parietal lobe
  • temporal lobe
  • occipital lobe
  • central sulcus
  • pre central gyrus
  • post central gyrus
  • lateral fissure
  • corpus callosum
  • Pareto-occipital sulcus
40
Q

what is the primary motor complex?

A
  • pre central gyrus
41
Q

what is the somatosensory cortex?

A
  • post central gyrus
42
Q

what is the function of the frontal lobe?

A
  • integrated brain functions (planning)
  • emotional responses
43
Q

what is the function of the parietal lobe?

A
  • movement
  • orientation
  • recognition
44
Q

what is the function of the occipital lobe?

A
  • involved with visual cortex
45
Q

what is the function of the temporal lobe?

A
  • integrating sound and speech
  • forming memories
46
Q

what is the function of the pre-central gyrus?

A
  • location of primary motor complex
  • movement
47
Q

what is the function of the post-central gyrus?

A
  • location of primary somatosensory cortex
  • touch
  • pain
  • temperature
  • proprioception
48
Q

what is the CNS covered by?

A
  • meninges
49
Q

what is the purpose of the meninges?

A
  • layer of tissues that separates CNS from rest of body
50
Q

what 3 layers is the meninges made up of?

A
  • pia mater
  • arachnoid mater
  • dura mater
51
Q

what is the Pia mater?

A
  • adherent to brain
  • dips down into sulci of brain
52
Q

what is the arachnoid mater?

A
  • middle layer
53
Q

what is the dura mater?

A
  • outermost
  • very tough
54
Q

what is the CNS bathed in within the meninges?

A
  • cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
55
Q

what does the combination of CNS and meninges allow?

A
  • cushioning of brain
  • protection of damage
56
Q

what is CSF produced by?

A
  • specialised epithelium (choroid plexus)
  • lines cavities within brain known as ventricles
57
Q

what does the choroid plexus actively secrete?

A
  • components of blood plasma into ventricles
58
Q

what does the choroid plexus produce?

A
  • clear fluid
  • lower in proteins, cells and ions than the plasma
59
Q

what does CSF have a higher concentration of than in plasma?

A
  • sodium ions
  • chloride ions
  • magnesium ions
60
Q

why does CSF have high conc of these ions?

A
  • chemicals are actively transported by epithelium into the CNS
61
Q

what does the CSF circulate through?

A
  • ventricles (cavities) within brain before exiting onto surface of brain
  • to bathe brain and spinal cord
62
Q

where is CSF reabsorbed?

A
  • into venous circulation at arachnoid granulations
63
Q

what are the ventricles of the brain?

A
  • spaces or cavities within brain
  • linked by passageways called aqueducts
64
Q

what do the aqueducts allow?

A
  • CSF to circulate through the brain and open onto surface of CNS
65
Q

what is the lateral flow of the CNS?

A

lateral ventricles ->
inter ventricular foramina -> third ventricles ->
cerebral aqueduct ->
fourth ventricle ->
median/lateral apertures ->
central canal

66
Q

what is the spinal cord covered with?

A
  • meninges
67
Q

what does the CSF surround?

A
  • spinal cord
68
Q

where does the CSF also flow through?

A
  • central canal that runs through centre of the cord
69
Q

where does the spinal cord terminate in adults?

A
  • L1
70
Q

what does the spinal cord contain below L1?

A
  • spinal nerves
  • descend within meninges util they exit at their vertebral level
71
Q

what is the caudal equina?

A
  • nerves within meninges
  • inferior to termination of spinal cord
72
Q

what is lumbar puncture/spinal tap procedure?

A
  • CSF can be removed from this space with a needle with minimal risk of damaging nerves
73
Q

what happens if a needle in inserted below L1?

A
  • spinal nerves can float away
74
Q

what happens if needle is inserted above L1?

A
  • risk of piercing the spinal cord
75
Q

what layers does the needle pass through to reach the CSF?

A
  • skin
  • subcutaneous tissue
  • supraspinous ligament
  • interspinous ligament
  • ligamentum flavum
  • extradural space
  • dura mater
  • arachnoid mater
  • subarachnoid space (where CSF is found)
76
Q

what is the fluid removed to test?

A
  • the health of the CNS
77
Q

what would indicate an infection like meningitis?

A
  • increased levels of white blood cells
78
Q

what could indicate brain haemorrhage or stroke?

A
  • increased levels of red blood cells

anatomy psc2018 (8 decks)

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