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peripheral blood Flashcards

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1
Q

normal blood volume of a male, how much % body weight?

A

5.5 L, 7%

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2
Q

pH of arterial blood, pH of venous blood

A

7.4, 7.35

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3
Q

if centrifuge blood, what layers do you get: top to bottom

A

plasma, platelets and leukocytes, erythrocytes

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4
Q

normal hct for male, female, newborn

A

45, 40, 55

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5
Q

serum vs plasma

A

serum remains after the blood stays in test tube and fibrinogen comes to bottom of the test tube to create a clot
therefore, serum is plasma without the fibrinogen

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6
Q

what’s in the buffy coat?

A

leukocytes and platelets

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7
Q

what does plasma look like during fasting and how does it change with a high fat diet?

A
  • looks yellow and striated at fasting due to bilirubin

- looks white with high fat diet due to accumulation of chylomicrons (cholesterol)

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8
Q

what is the plasma made of?

A

90% water, 10% organic and inorganic compounds

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9
Q

albumin

A

-IN THE PLASMA
maintains colloid osmotic pressure and tx- pulls fluid back into the blood from the tissues
loss of albumin = edema
liver makes albumin so when in liver failure, albumin levels drop and we get fluid buildup in the tissues in the form of ascites

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10
Q

globins

A

IN THE PLASMA
alpha and beta
gamma- make plasma cells- plasminogen that is involved in clotting

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11
Q

complement proteins

A

IN THE PLAMSA

involved in immunity and inflammation

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12
Q

lipoproteins

A

IN THE PLASMA

transport cholesterol and triglycerides

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13
Q

what are the types of leukocytes?

A

1) Granuloctyes- neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

2) Agranulocytes-lymphocytes, monocytes

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14
Q

RBCs structure and contents

A
  • bioconcave disk to allow for increase in surface area to volume ratio to facilitate gaseous exchange
  • no organelles to provide room for hemoglobin
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15
Q

polycythemia

A

too much erythrocytes

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16
Q

anemia

A

not enough RBCS or decrease in hemoglobin

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17
Q

what are the two major transmembrane proteins of RBCs

A

1) Glycophorin (a,b,c)- unknown fxn but unique to RBCs
2) Band 3- transmembrane transports (antiport) bicarb and chloride across plasmalemma- increases the amount of CO2 in the blood that can be transported to the lungs

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18
Q

how is the cytoskeleton of RBCs anchored down?

A
  • Band 4.1 proteins anchor cytoskeleton by complexing with SPECTRIN AND GLYCOPHORIN AND ACTIN
  • Band 3, band 4.2, ankyrin, and spectin form another complex
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19
Q

adducin

A

binds actin and spectrin

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20
Q

hereditary spherocytosis

A
  • spherical shaped erythrocytes that are destroyed by spleen leading to anemia and jaundice and slenomegaly
  • mutation in ankyrin, band 4.2, band 3,spectrin
21
Q

elliptocytosis

A
  • caused by mutations in spectrin, protein 4.1 or glycophorin C
  • elliptical appearances
22
Q

erythroblastosis fatalis

A
  • when Rh- mom gives birth to Rh+ child, mixing of blood will likely cause mom to produce an antibody against the Rh + antigen.
  • first born not affected
  • during subsequent birth, with an Rh+ baby, mom’s antibody against Rh+ will cross placenta and enter Rh+ baby’s system and attack the RBCs of the baby causing the disorder.
  • Rho-gam- contains antibodies against the Rh antigen and given before first birth and after the subsequent ones so if the blood does enter mom’s system, they will be eliminated by Rho-gam with no antibodies developed by mom
23
Q

what are the top three immunogenic antigens?

A

AB, Rh, kell

24
Q

what is special about the Duffy antigen?

A
  • they serve as receptors for plasmodium vivax and knowlesi malarial parasites that use the antigens to gain entry into the erythrocytes
  • uncommon in blacks
25
Q

what happens with a mismatch of kell, duffy, lewis?

A

kell kills, duffy dies, lewis lives

26
Q

howell-jolly bodies

A
  • RBCs don’t usually have inclusions except when have howell jolly bodies
  • small basophilic nuclear fragments in cytoplasm of erythrocytes that are removed by macrophages in the spleen (by pitting)
  • present in pt with severe hemolytic anemia, dysfunctional spleens (that cant pick out the HJ bodies), or after a splenectomy
27
Q

Heinz bodies

A
  • mnemonic- Heinz ketchup is red so has to do with Hgb
  • deficiency in glucose6phosphate dehydrogenase that has oxidative protection capabilities
  • if don’t have it, the Hgb becomes denatured especially during an infection when you have a release of oxygen free rad release from leukocytes during inflammatory protective response
  • they are inclusions of DAMAGED HGB as a result of oxidative damage
  • SPLEEN MACROPHAGES RECOGNIZE HEINZ BODIES AND DAMAGED MEMBRANES AND EXCISE THEM CREATING BITE CELLS
28
Q

Reticulocytes

A
  • precursor to mature erythrocyte
  • cytoplasm has basophilia due to presense of POLYSOMES(ribosomes) that have not yet finished making Hgb
  • 1% of the RBC pop.- if increased, there is a demand for oxygen not being fully satisfied (hemorrhage, ascent to higher alt.)
29
Q

neutrophils

A
  • leukocytes, granulocytes
  • have lobated nuclei with the number of lobes dependent on how old the cell is
  • immature neutrophils just released from the bone marrow have nuclei that are BAND SHAPED or ROD. = called band cells
30
Q

what is a shift to the left?

A

elevated number of band cells in neutrophils that is seen in an acute bacterial infection

31
Q

specific secondary granule

A

light pink granules in neutrophils that contain antimicrobial enzymes

32
Q

primary azurophilic granules

A

represent lysosomes in neutrophils
neutrophils are professional phagocytic cells
in EVERY neutrophil

33
Q

tertiary granules

A

degrade ecm and basal lamina via cathepsins and gelatinase to allow migration of neutrophils into the tissue

34
Q

Dohle body

A

represent dilated rER (basophilic)- in neutrophils

seen in infections and some other conditions

35
Q

eosinophils

A
  • leukocytes, granulocyes
  • BILOBED NUCLEUS
  • specific granules stain dark pink and red (gives it’s name) and contain things that destroy PARACITES
36
Q

what do azurophilic granules do in eosinophils?

A

they act as lysosomes but phagocytose parasites that are broken down
at EM level, granules have a stripe going down them

37
Q

basophils

A

least abundant of the granulocytes
s shaped nucleus
DECREASED IN ACUTE ALLERGIC REACTIONS (vs eosinophils that go up)

38
Q

what do specific granules contain in basophils?

A

-heparin, histamine, eosinophilic chemotaxic factor, neutrophilic chemotaxic factor and peroxidase

39
Q

when are eosinophils elevated?

A
  • during inflammatory bowel disease
  • during parasite invasion
  • during allergic rxn
40
Q

Agranulocytes

A

-do not have granules in their cytoplasm but do contain nonspecific, azurophilic graules

41
Q

what’s elevated with a bacterial infection? what is elevated with a viral infection?

A
  • bacterial- neutrophils

- viral- lymphocytes

42
Q

lymphocytes

count increased when?
what's significant about them in terms of age?
what's their size?
Organelles?
what do they look like?
granules?
A
  • count elevated with viral infection
  • make up the most amount of leukocytes in kids younger than 8
  • small
  • small amount of organelles but lots of ribosomes
  • narrow rim of basophilic cytoplasm with a PROMINANT nucleus
  • have azurophilic granules (lysosomes)
43
Q

what are the three types of lymphocytes?

A

B lymphocytes- humoral mediated immunity
T lymphocytes- cell mediated immunity
natural killer cells
BT is a natural killer!!!

44
Q

monocytes

A 
LARGE with large nucleus
KIDNEY SHAPED
cytoplasm is a blue gray
lots of azurophilic granules
migrate into cells where they DIFFERENCIATE INTO MACROPHAGES
45
Q

platelets

A 
fractured megakaryoctyes 
fxn in blood clotting and tissue repair
4 ZONES
1) peripheral
2) structural
3) membrane
4) organelle
46
Q

peripheral zone of platelets

A

plasmalemma

47
Q

structural zone of platelets

A

have microtubules and actin and myosin
microtubules maintain shape of platelet
actin and myosin can form a contractile apparatus

48
Q

membrane zone of platelets

A

open canalicular system and dense tubular system

49
Q

organelle zone of platelets

A

some mitochondria, glycogen granules, peroxisomes, and alpha, delta and lambda lysosomes

cell bio 3 (9 decks)

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