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peripheral blood Flashcards

1
Q

normal blood volume of a male, how much % body weight?

A

5.5 L, 7%

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2
Q

pH of arterial blood, pH of venous blood

A

7.4, 7.35

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3
Q

if centrifuge blood, what layers do you get: top to bottom

A

plasma, platelets and leukocytes, erythrocytes

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4
Q

normal hct for male, female, newborn

A

45, 40, 55

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5
Q

serum vs plasma

A

serum remains after the blood stays in test tube and fibrinogen comes to bottom of the test tube to create a clot
therefore, serum is plasma without the fibrinogen

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6
Q

what’s in the buffy coat?

A

leukocytes and platelets

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7
Q

what does plasma look like during fasting and how does it change with a high fat diet?

A
  • looks yellow and striated at fasting due to bilirubin

- looks white with high fat diet due to accumulation of chylomicrons (cholesterol)

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8
Q

what is the plasma made of?

A

90% water, 10% organic and inorganic compounds

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9
Q

albumin

A

-IN THE PLASMA
maintains colloid osmotic pressure and tx- pulls fluid back into the blood from the tissues
loss of albumin = edema
liver makes albumin so when in liver failure, albumin levels drop and we get fluid buildup in the tissues in the form of ascites

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10
Q

globins

A

IN THE PLASMA
alpha and beta
gamma- make plasma cells- plasminogen that is involved in clotting

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11
Q

complement proteins

A

IN THE PLAMSA

involved in immunity and inflammation

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12
Q

lipoproteins

A

IN THE PLASMA

transport cholesterol and triglycerides

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13
Q

what are the types of leukocytes?

A

1) Granuloctyes- neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

2) Agranulocytes-lymphocytes, monocytes

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14
Q

RBCs structure and contents

A
  • bioconcave disk to allow for increase in surface area to volume ratio to facilitate gaseous exchange
  • no organelles to provide room for hemoglobin
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15
Q

polycythemia

A

too much erythrocytes

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16
Q

anemia

A

not enough RBCS or decrease in hemoglobin

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17
Q

what are the two major transmembrane proteins of RBCs

A

1) Glycophorin (a,b,c)- unknown fxn but unique to RBCs
2) Band 3- transmembrane transports (antiport) bicarb and chloride across plasmalemma- increases the amount of CO2 in the blood that can be transported to the lungs

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18
Q

how is the cytoskeleton of RBCs anchored down?

A
  • Band 4.1 proteins anchor cytoskeleton by complexing with SPECTRIN AND GLYCOPHORIN AND ACTIN
  • Band 3, band 4.2, ankyrin, and spectin form another complex
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19
Q

adducin

A

binds actin and spectrin

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20
Q

hereditary spherocytosis

A
  • spherical shaped erythrocytes that are destroyed by spleen leading to anemia and jaundice and slenomegaly
  • mutation in ankyrin, band 4.2, band 3,spectrin
21
Q

elliptocytosis

A
  • caused by mutations in spectrin, protein 4.1 or glycophorin C
  • elliptical appearances
22
Q

erythroblastosis fatalis

A
  • when Rh- mom gives birth to Rh+ child, mixing of blood will likely cause mom to produce an antibody against the Rh + antigen.
  • first born not affected
  • during subsequent birth, with an Rh+ baby, mom’s antibody against Rh+ will cross placenta and enter Rh+ baby’s system and attack the RBCs of the baby causing the disorder.
  • Rho-gam- contains antibodies against the Rh antigen and given before first birth and after the subsequent ones so if the blood does enter mom’s system, they will be eliminated by Rho-gam with no antibodies developed by mom
23
Q

what are the top three immunogenic antigens?

A

AB, Rh, kell

24
Q

what is special about the Duffy antigen?

A
  • they serve as receptors for plasmodium vivax and knowlesi malarial parasites that use the antigens to gain entry into the erythrocytes
  • uncommon in blacks
25
what happens with a mismatch of kell, duffy, lewis?
kell kills, duffy dies, lewis lives
26
howell-jolly bodies
- RBCs don't usually have inclusions except when have howell jolly bodies - small basophilic nuclear fragments in cytoplasm of erythrocytes that are removed by macrophages in the spleen (by pitting) - present in pt with severe hemolytic anemia, dysfunctional spleens (that cant pick out the HJ bodies), or after a splenectomy
27
Heinz bodies
- mnemonic- Heinz ketchup is red so has to do with Hgb - deficiency in glucose6phosphate dehydrogenase that has oxidative protection capabilities - if don't have it, the Hgb becomes denatured especially during an infection when you have a release of oxygen free rad release from leukocytes during inflammatory protective response - they are inclusions of DAMAGED HGB as a result of oxidative damage - SPLEEN MACROPHAGES RECOGNIZE HEINZ BODIES AND DAMAGED MEMBRANES AND EXCISE THEM CREATING BITE CELLS
28
Reticulocytes
- precursor to mature erythrocyte - cytoplasm has basophilia due to presense of POLYSOMES(ribosomes) that have not yet finished making Hgb - 1% of the RBC pop.- if increased, there is a demand for oxygen not being fully satisfied (hemorrhage, ascent to higher alt.)
29
neutrophils
- leukocytes, granulocytes - have lobated nuclei with the number of lobes dependent on how old the cell is - immature neutrophils just released from the bone marrow have nuclei that are BAND SHAPED or ROD. = called band cells
30
what is a shift to the left?
elevated number of band cells in neutrophils that is seen in an acute bacterial infection
31
specific secondary granule
light pink granules in neutrophils that contain antimicrobial enzymes
32
primary azurophilic granules
represent lysosomes in neutrophils neutrophils are professional phagocytic cells in EVERY neutrophil
33
tertiary granules
degrade ecm and basal lamina via cathepsins and gelatinase to allow migration of neutrophils into the tissue
34
Dohle body
represent dilated rER (basophilic)- in neutrophils | seen in infections and some other conditions
35
eosinophils
- leukocytes, granulocyes - BILOBED NUCLEUS - specific granules stain dark pink and red (gives it's name) and contain things that destroy PARACITES
36
what do azurophilic granules do in eosinophils?
they act as lysosomes but phagocytose parasites that are broken down at EM level, granules have a stripe going down them
37
basophils
least abundant of the granulocytes s shaped nucleus DECREASED IN ACUTE ALLERGIC REACTIONS (vs eosinophils that go up)
38
what do specific granules contain in basophils?
-heparin, histamine, eosinophilic chemotaxic factor, neutrophilic chemotaxic factor and peroxidase
39
when are eosinophils elevated?
- during inflammatory bowel disease - during parasite invasion - during allergic rxn
40
Agranulocytes
-do not have granules in their cytoplasm but do contain nonspecific, azurophilic graules
41
what's elevated with a bacterial infection? what is elevated with a viral infection?
- bacterial- neutrophils | - viral- lymphocytes
42
lymphocytes ``` count increased when? what's significant about them in terms of age? what's their size? Organelles? what do they look like? granules? ```
- count elevated with viral infection - make up the most amount of leukocytes in kids younger than 8 - small - small amount of organelles but lots of ribosomes - narrow rim of basophilic cytoplasm with a PROMINANT nucleus - have azurophilic granules (lysosomes)
43
what are the three types of lymphocytes?
B lymphocytes- humoral mediated immunity T lymphocytes- cell mediated immunity natural killer cells BT is a natural killer!!!
44
monocytes
``` LARGE with large nucleus KIDNEY SHAPED cytoplasm is a blue gray lots of azurophilic granules migrate into cells where they DIFFERENCIATE INTO MACROPHAGES ```
45
platelets
``` fractured megakaryoctyes fxn in blood clotting and tissue repair 4 ZONES 1) peripheral 2) structural 3) membrane 4) organelle ```
46
peripheral zone of platelets
plasmalemma
47
structural zone of platelets
have microtubules and actin and myosin microtubules maintain shape of platelet actin and myosin can form a contractile apparatus
48
membrane zone of platelets
open canalicular system and dense tubular system
49
organelle zone of platelets
some mitochondria, glycogen granules, peroxisomes, and alpha, delta and lambda lysosomes

cell bio 3 (9 decks)

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