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cell bio 3 > integumentary system > Flashcards

integumentary system Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

how is the skin covering the palms and soles different from other skin?

A

it’s thick skin that does not have hair follicles, arrector pilli muslces or sebaceous glands

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2
Q

thin skin

A

covers most of the body

has hair follicles, arrector pili muscles, sebaceous glands and sweat glands- hairy, goose-bumpy, oily and sweaty

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3
Q

what layer does the epidermis arise from

A

ectoderm

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4
Q

what IS the epidermis

A
  • stratified squamous keratinized epithelium
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5
Q

what do epidermal ridges do?

A

they project into the dermis to increase epidermal surface area and secure its adhesion to the underlying dermis
-creates dermal papilla

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6
Q

is the epidermis vascular?

A

no. avascular and receives nutrients from dermal capillaries
however it contains sensory nerve endings

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7
Q

what layer of the skin is injured in a first degree burn

A

epidermis (superficial burn)

ie sunburn

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8
Q

what cells lie in the epidermis

A

keratinocytes

nonkeratinocytes that include langerhan’s cells (dendritic cells), merkel cells (mechanoreceptors), and melanocytes

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9
Q

keratinocytes

A
  • most common type of cell in the epidermis
  • continually involved in mitosis to allow for continuous skin renewal
  • keratin filaments- accumulate as cells approach the surface
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10
Q

how does the epidermis stain compared to the dermis?

A

epidermis stains basophilic, dermis, white

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11
Q

describe what happens to cells from strata basalli to the surface layer of the skin

A

as they are made at the basal layers, they require more and more keratin until they reach the surface (after 20-30 days) and the they desquamate (flake off)

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12
Q

Langerhans cells

A
  • dendritic cells- antigen presenting cells- take antigen to lymphocytes to be destroyed
  • derived from precursors of bone marrow and travel to the surface of the skin and stay there as Langerhans cells or defense cells -mainly in the *stratum spinosum and superficial dermis
  • have long thin cytoplasmic processes that extend into intercellular space
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13
Q

birbeck granules

A

protective things involved in langerham cells that have a rod and vesicle (don’t know exactly what they do)

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14
Q

Merkel cells

A
  • mechanoreceptors
  • at base of hair follicles and fingertips
  • attach to keratinocytes via desmosomes
  • found in the STRATUM BASALE OF THE EPIDERMIS
  • relay TOUCH sensation that is fine and detailed
  • give info on texture and shape of an object
  • unmyelinated nerve terminals approach merkel cells to create merkel cell-neurite complexes (touch)
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15
Q

melanocytes

A
  • sun umbrellas
  • arise from neural crest cells
  • synthesize melanin- distribute to keratinocytes
  • reside near stratum basal and superficial dermis
  • cytoplasmic processes extend into the stratum spinosum
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16
Q

In melanocytes, what is the process of making melanin?

A
  • RER makes tyrosinase which is packaged by Golgi into melanosomes
  • tyrosinase is activated by UV light
  • tyrosine is transported into melanosomes where tyrosinase converts it to melanin
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17
Q

what is attributed to the variation in color among races?

A

-it is not the NUMBER of melanocytes rather it is the TYROSINASE ACTIVITY, NUMBER OF MELANIN GRANULES, SIZE, DISTRIBUTION AND RATE BREAKDOWN

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18
Q

stratum corneum

A
  • outermost layer of the thick skin
  • used for protection
  • dead, kertinized cells
  • thicker in areas subject to unusual friction (callus formation)
  • no nuclei or organelles
  • there are no desmosomes holding cells together so the cells at surface can desquamate easily but deeper cells have desmosomes
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19
Q

stratum lucidum

A
  • used for protection
  • subdivision of stratum corneum- light staining layer
  • seen in thick skin
  • has keratin, no organelles or nuclei
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20
Q

stratum granulosum

A
  • HAVE KERATOHYALIN GRANULES AND MEMBRANE COATING MOLCULES
  • apoptotic nuclear morphology
  • used in waterproofing
  • have membrane coating granulues (lamellar bodies) that contain lipid and exocytose the lipid to form sheets of waterproof material -forms a permeability layer and prevents diffusion of nutrients in extracellular space from reaching the cells
  • it causes superficial layers to die of starvation
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21
Q

vitiligo

A

autoimmune response to melanocytes that causes partial or complete loss of melanocytes in that area

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22
Q

albanism

A

-absence or defect in tyrosinase, presence of melanocytes

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23
Q

what are the strata of thick skin?

A 
stratum corneum
stratum lucidum
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum basale
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24
Q

stratum spinosum

A
  • used for binding and protection
  • thick
  • interdigitating processes (SPINES) (intercellular bridges) with desmosomes = PRICKLE CELL- used for binding
  • have Langerhans cells
  • have bundles of intermediate fibers called tonofilaments and tonofibrils
  • lamellar granules (coating)
  • MITOSIS in basal layer of this stratum
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25
Q

Stratum basale

A
  • used for cell renewal and as anchor to dermis
  • single layered
  • desmosomes bind cell membrane to all neighboring cells
  • MOST MITOTIC ACTIVITY IS HERE
  • cells attach to basement membrane via HEMIDESMOSOMES
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26
Q

what are the layers of the THIN skin

A

stratum corneum
stratum spinosum
stratum basale
(no lucida or granulosum)

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27
Q

what is used to glue and anchor the epidermis to the dermis

A

glue: carbohydrates
anchor: collagen

28
Q

what is the connective tissue of the skin?

A

dermis

29
Q

if the epidermis arises from the ectoderm, what does the dermis arise from?

A

mesoderm

30
Q

ichthyosis

A

hyperkeratosis

31
Q

dermal papillae

A
  • in the most superficial layer of the dermis (closest to epidermis)
  • contains papilla that extend into the epidermis and interact with epidermal ridges especially in areas subject to mechanical stress
  • they also have true dermal ridges that are parallet to and lie in between dermal papillae
32
Q

true dermal ridges

A

lie between dermal papillae and are genetically unique

provide finger and footprints

33
Q

what are the layers of the dermis

A

papillary layer

reticular layer

34
Q

papillary layer

1) where does it lie?
2) What does it have to anchor the dermis to the epidermis?
3) what does it have that acts as a defense?
4) what types of fibers does it have to move?
5) what does it have for nutrition and thermoreg?
6) what are it’s mechanoreceptors?
7) what does it have for sensory functioning?
8) what degree of burns if it associated with?
9) whats it for?

A

1) most superficial layer of the dermis
2) has dermal papillae that interdigitate with epidermal ridges (anchor)
- anchoring fibrils of collagen7 that anchors epidermis to dermis
3) lose CT that acts as a defense
4) collagen 3-RETICULAR FIBERS and elastic fibers
5) CAPILLARY LOOPS for nutrition/thermoregulation
6) MEISSNER corpuscles (mechanoreceptors)
7) KRAUSE END BULBS
8) PARTIAL THICKNESS BURNS (2ND DEGREE) EXTEND INTO THIS LAYER
9) protection against foreign invaders

35
Q

reticular layer

A
  • PROVIDES TENSILE STRENGTH
  • deep to the papillary layer
  • dense IRREGULAR collagenous tissue
  • Type 1 collagen fibers with regular orientation form Langers lines
  • have fibroblasts, mast cells, lymphocytes. macrophages and fat cells
36
Q

langer’s lines

A
  • lines formed by reticular layer that when dissected parallel to them, leaves little scarring during surgeries
  • provide tensile strength to the reticular layer of the dermis
37
Q

pacinian corpuscles

A
  • in reticular layer of dermis

- detect pressure and vibration

38
Q

ruffini corpuscles

A
  • in reticular layer of the dermis

- tensile forces, feels warmth (sensory)

39
Q

MEISSNER corpuscles

A
  • in papillary layer of the dermis

- mechanoreceptor

40
Q

hypodermis

A

NOT skin

superficial facia- loose CT with adipose tissue

41
Q

3rd degree burns/full thickness burns

A

extends past the epidermis, dermis and into the hypodermis

42
Q

fourth degree burns

A

damage the underlying muscle deep to the hypodermis

43
Q

Eccrine sweat glands

A
  • used for thermoregulation
  • used for elimination of waste pdts
  • squirts it’s execratory substance
  • simple, coiled tubular gland
  • LOCATED DEEP IN THE DERMIS OR HYPODERMIS -opens into sweat pore @epidermis
44
Q

what type of secretion does the eccrine gland use

A

merocrine (exocytosis- secretion)

45
Q

what innervates eccrine sweat glands?

A

postganglionic sympathetics

46
Q

what type of cell is at the eccrine sweat gland?

A

simple cuboidal to low columnar

47
Q

what controls the release of sweat from eccrine sweat glands?

A

myoepithelial cells with actin and myosin that contract and squeeze the secretory pdt

48
Q

what kind of duct segment does the eccrine gland have?

A

stratified cuboidal epithelium

49
Q

apocrine sweat glands

A
  • in axilla, anus and nipple
  • deep dermis, hypodermis
  • secretory unit: simple cuboidal and low columnar
  • larger than eccrine gland
  • DUCT OPENS INTO CANAL OF THE HAIR FOLLICLE, SUPERFICIAL TO THE ENTRY OF SEBACEOUS GLAND DUCT
50
Q

modified apocrine glands

A

ceruminous glands of external auditory meatus

glands of Moll of eyelids

51
Q

what is the secretory unit of the apocrine gland made up of?

A

simple cuboidal to low columnar (like the eccrine gland)

52
Q

what is the apocrine gland’s secretory pdt and what is the gland surrounded by?

A

viscous and odorless when release on skin surface and metabolized by bacteria.
surrounded by myoepithelial cells

53
Q

When is the apocrine gland used? what innervates it? what method is used to secrete it’s pdt?

A
  • used starting at puberty and is affected by hormones
  • innervated by post ganglionic sympathetics
  • it is a merocrine gland
54
Q

sebaceous glands

A
  • fuctions as a protective gland
  • found in dermis and hypodermis throughout the body but mostly in the scalp and face
  • secrete sebum- cholesterol, triglycerides, dead cells
  • part of hair follicles that empty their secretory pdts in to the canal of the hair follicle
  • influenced by puberty and affected by hormones
55
Q

what shape is the secretory unit of sebaceous glands?

A

-ACINAR

56
Q

what kind of cell resides in the duct of a sebaceous gland?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

57
Q

what type of secretion does a sebaceous gland use?

A

holocrine secretion

58
Q

vellus hair

A

hair on eyelids

59
Q

terminal hair

A

scalp, eyebrows- hard, coarse

60
Q

what two types of cells are in stratum granulosum

A

keratohyalin cells

membrane- coating granules

61
Q

Name the parts of the hair follicle from inside out

A

dermal papillae with the medulla and the cortex on outside, internal root sheath (cuticle, Huxley, Henley layers), external root sheath, glassy membrane, connective tissue

62
Q

arrector pili muscles

A
  • attach to hair follicles midway and obliquely as well as cradles sebaceous glands
  • when muscle contracts due to sympathetics, they raise the hair
  • NOT IN THICK SKIN
63
Q

where does the nail grow

A

in the nail root that forms keratin known as fingernails

64
Q

what does the nail bed consist of

A

stratum basale and stratum spinosum

65
Q

what layer of the epidermis has keratohyalin

A

stratum granulosum

cell bio 3 (9 decks)

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