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Anatomy > Peripheral and Autonomic Nervous Systems & Spinal Cord > Flashcards

Peripheral and Autonomic Nervous Systems & Spinal Cord Flashcards

1
Q

Motor function for vessels arises from what functional component?

A

Visceral efferent

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2
Q

Motor function for muscles arises from what functional component?

A

Somatic efferent

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3
Q

Sensory function for skin and muscles arises from what functional component?

A

Somatic afferent

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4
Q

Stimuli for chemoreceptors

A

Taste, smell, pH, metabolite concentrations

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5
Q

Stimuli for photoreceptors

A

Retinal visual receptors

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6
Q

Stimuli for thermoreceptors

A

Temperature

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7
Q

Stimuli for mechanoreceptors

A

Physical deformation, touch, muscle length and tension, auditory, vestibular receptors

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8
Q

Stimulus for nociceptors

A

Pain

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9
Q

Outline the two main areas of a PNS receptor

A

Receptive area - area in tissue where stimulus is received

Synaptic area - nerve that stimulus travels on to take to CNS

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10
Q

“wiring patterns,” associated with what pathway, preserve location and nature information from a receptive field?

A

Ascending sensory

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11
Q

Name and outline the function of the two encapsulated receptors in muscles

A

Muscle spindles - detect muscle length

Golgi tendon organs - detect muscle tension

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12
Q

The caudal end of the spinal cord is known as:

A

Conus medullaris

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13
Q

Outline the segments of the spinal cord according to nerve roots

A 
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal
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14
Q

Through what structures do dorsal rootlets and ventral rootlets enter and exit the cord respectively?

A

Dorsal rootlets enter cord via posterolateral sulcus. Ventral rootlets exit via anterolateral sulcus.

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15
Q

What kinds of neurons are housed in dorsal root ganglia?

A

Cell bodies of sensory neurons

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16
Q

Which spinal nerve has a rudimentary dorsal root, and consequently does not innervate a dermatome?

A

C1

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17
Q

Are afferent fibers sensory or motor? Through what roots do they enter the cord? Where are two places they may terminate thereafter?

A

Sensory. Dorsal roots. May terminate in posterior horn or ascend to medulla.

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18
Q

Motor neurons begin in what spinal horn? Through which roots do they leave?

A

Anterior, ventral

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19
Q

What structure in a spinal cord cross section extends toward the cord center, leaving an indentation? What travels through this structure?

A

Anterior median fissure - anterior spinal a.

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20
Q

What structure is located at the end of the anterior median fissure and allows for contralateral communication within the cord?

A

Anterior white commissure

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21
Q

In a spinal cord cross section, the gray matter forms what shape? What white matter structures surround it?

A

H-shaped. Surrounded by white matter funiculi (PF, AF, LF)

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22
Q

In a spinal cord cross section, longitudinal grooves reflect what?

A

Boundaries of funiculi or nerve fiber bundles.

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23
Q

Where is the posterior intermediate sulcus found? What function does it perform?

A

Found only above T6. Separates bundles of sensory fibers arising from FG and FC

24
Q

Sensory fibers that arise from the leg are associated with what thoracic-level spinal cord structure?

A

Fasciculus gracilis

25
Q

Sensory fibers that arise from the arm are associated with what thoracic-level spinal cord structure?

A

Fasciculus cuneatus

26
Q

The posterior horn of spinal cord gray matter consists mostly of what kind of neurons?

A

Interneurons

27
Q

With what spinal cord structure is substantia gelatinosa associated with? What function does it serve?

A

Substantia gelatinosa is associated with posterior horn gray matter. It is involved in pain and temperature sensory

28
Q

Where is Lissauer’s tract found? What’s it composed of?

A

Found in posterior horn gray matter. It’s composed of myelinated and unmyelinated fibers.

29
Q

Spinal cord laminae (Cytoarchitechtonic cell groups of Rexed) are found in what spinal cord structure?

A

Posterior horn gray matter

30
Q

Discuss spinal cord lamina I, II and V. What are their functions and relative locations to one another?

A

Spinal cord laminae are numberd I-V, and are placed in sequential order from the distal portion of the posterior horn to the proximal.

Lamina I & V - relay sensory signals.

Lamina II - Substantia gelatinosa (pain reception)

31
Q

What spinal cord structure contains motor neurons that control skeletal muscle?

A

Anterior horn

32
Q

What kinds of motor neurons cluster into groups? From where do they arise, and what do they innervate? What is the difference in function for medial and lateral clusters?

A

Alpha motor neurons in the anterior horn. Each innervates an individual muscle. Medial clusters innervate axial muscles and lateral clusters innervate limb muscles.

33
Q

Structurally, what is Clarke’s nucleus?

Where is it found?

A

Collection of neurons found on the medial surface of intermediate gray matter from T1-L2.

34
Q

What is the function of Clarke’s nucleus? Why is it sometimes considered part of the posterior horn?

A

Relays proprioceptive info from leg to cerebellum. It’s sometimes considered part of the posterior horn because it’s sensory.

35
Q

What are denticulate ligaments? What do they do?

A

Pia-arachnoid extensions. They suspend the cord.

36
Q

What is the function of filum terminale?

A

Anchors conus medullaris to end of the dural sheath and then to the coccyx

37
Q

Which reflex does not involve interneurons?

A

Stretch reflex

38
Q

What three components are involved in all reflexes?

A
  • Receptor
  • associated afferent neuron (cell body in DRG)
  • efferent neuron (cell body in CNS)
39
Q

What does it mean for a reflex to be polysynaptic?

A

Has interneurons

40
Q

What components are involved in a monosynaptic stretch reflex?

A

Two neurons with a synapse between them

41
Q

Stretch reflexes also go by what name?

A

Deep tendon reflexes (DTRs)

42
Q

The posterior spinal artery is a branch of what cranial artery? Where in the spinal cord does it run?

A

The posterior spinal artery is a branch of either the vertebral or posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA). It runs in the posterolateral sulcus along dorsal rootlets

43
Q

What supplements spinal arteries at lower levels? Why is this necessary?

A

Spinal arteries are too small to supply more inferior areas, so they’re supplemented by radicular arteries.

44
Q

What is a notable radicular artery? From where does it branch, what does it supply, and where is it located?

A

The great radicular artery branches from the left posterior intercostal artery to supply the entire lumosacral cord. It’s found at T12.

45
Q

What structures are supplied by the anterior spinal artery?

A

Anterior horns and lateral funiculi

46
Q

What structures are supplied by the posterior spinal artery?

A

Posterior horns and dorsal columns

47
Q

What sorts of myelination patters are displayed in preganglionic and postganglionic fibers?

A

Preganglionic - thin myelin

Postganglionic - unmyelinated

48
Q

What neurotransmitters are associated with 1st and 2nd synapse in Sympathetics and Parasympathetics respectively?

A

Ach, NE

Ach, Ach

49
Q

In the sympathetic system, preganglionic fibers arise from what spinal segments?

A

T1-L2/3

50
Q

Parasympathetic outflow goes to what regions?

A

Thoracic, abdominal and pelvic viscera - none to limbs.

51
Q

What ganglia and structure are associated with CN III?

A

Ciliary ganglion to eye

52
Q

What ganglia and structure are associated with CN VII?

A

Pterygopalatine ganglion (to lacrimal/nasal glands)

Submandibular ganglion (to submandibular and sublingual glands)

53
Q

What ganglia and structure are associated with CN IX?

A

Otic ganglion (to parotid glands)

54
Q

Only spinal levels with white communicating rami?

A

T1-L2/3

55
Q

Through what two conduits can postganglionic sympathetic fibers reach the head?

A

Cervical ganglia and carotic plexus

Anatomy (11 decks)

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