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Anatomy > Development of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Development of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Two functional divisions of the nervous system

A

Somatic/Visceral (Autonomic)

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2
Q

What does the somatic nervous system innervate?

A

Skin and most skeletal muscles (sensory and motor)

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3
Q

What does the visceral (autonomic) nervous system innervate?

A

Viscera (organs of the body) and smooth muscle and glands in the peripheral part of the body

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4
Q

Neurons in the mantle layer of the spinal cord organize into what?

A

Four plates/columns that run the length of the cord; a pair of dorsal/alar plates, and a pair of ventral/basal plates.

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5
Q

Cells of what region become the somatic motor neurons of the spinal cord? Where are these neurons located?

A

Cells of the basal columns. Located in the ventral horn.

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6
Q

Cells of the alar columns develop into what kinds of neurons? Where are they located?

A

Association neurons - located in dorsal horns.

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7
Q

Association neurons receive synapses from what types of fibers? These fibers come from sensory neurons located where?

A

Afferent fibers from sensory neurons located in dorsal root ganglia.

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8
Q

What are two destinations for the axon of an association neuron?

A

May synapse with ipsilateral or contralateral motor neurons OR ascend to the brain.

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9
Q

What is formed by the synapse of association neurons and motor neurons?

A

Reflex arc

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10
Q

Which spinal levels contain intermediolateral cell columns?

A

T1-T12. L1-L2. S2-S4.

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11
Q

The thoracic and lumbar intermediolateral cell columns contain what?

A

Visceral motor neurons that constitute the autonomic motor neurons of the sympathetic division.

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12
Q

The sacral intermediolateral cell columns contain what?

A

Visceral motor neurons that constitute the autonomic motor neurons of the parasympathetic division.

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13
Q

Three primary brain swellings that form forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain?

A

Prosencephalon, mesencephalon and rhombencephalon respectively

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14
Q

What secondary brain swelling becomes the cerebral hemispheres?

A

Telencephalon

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15
Q

What secondary brain swelling becomes the thalamus and hypothalamus?

A

Diencephalon

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16
Q

What does the mesencephalon give rise to?

A

Midbrain

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17
Q

What does the metencephalon give rise to?

A

Pons and cerebellum

18
Q

What does the myelencephalon give rise to?

A

Medulla

19
Q

What secondary swellings are contained within the brain stem?

A

Myelencephalon, metencephalon (pons only) and mesencephalon.

20
Q

The lumen of the neural tube enlarges in the brain to form what?

A

Ventricles (CSF production)

21
Q

Prosencephalon gives rise to what secondary brain swelling(s)

A

Telencephalon, diencephalon

22
Q

Mesencephalon gives rise to what secondary brain swelling(s)?

A

Mesencephalon

23
Q

Rhombencephalon gives rise to what secondary brain swelling(s)?

A

Metencephalon, myelencephalon

24
Q

Where in the brainstem and spinal cord are basal and alar plates visible?

A

Throughout

25
Q

What is the trend of basal and alar plates in the cerebral and cerebellar regions?

A

more alar, less basal

26
Q

Which cranial nerves innervate extrinsic ocular mm. and mm. of the tongue? Which brainstem column is this associated with?

A

III, IV, VI, XII. Somatic efferent

27
Q

Which nerves innervate striated mm. derived from pharyngeal arches as well as trapezius and sternocleidomastoid mm.? Which brainstem column is this associated with?

A

V, VII, IX, X, XI. Special visceral efferent.

28
Q

Which brainstem columns are associated with the basal plates?

A

Somatic efferent, special visceral efferent, general visceral efferent

29
Q

Which brainstem columns are associated with the alar plates?

A

General visceral afferent, special visceral afferent, somatic afferent

30
Q

What cranial nerves and function are associated with the general visceral efferent column of the brainstem?

A

CN III, IX and X - serve parasympathetic pathways

31
Q

What cranial nerve and function is associated with the general visceral afferent column of the brainstem?

A

CN X - Receive impulses from sensory receptors in the walls of thoracic, abdominal and pelvic viscera

32
Q

Cranial nerves VII, IX and VIII are associated with what function and brainstem column?

A

Special senses. Special visceral afferent.

33
Q

Cranial nerves V, VII, and IX are associated with what function and brainstem column?

A

General sensation. Somatic afferent

34
Q

What two structures is the cerebellum derived from?

A

Alar plates of the metencephalon and adjacent rhombic lips.

35
Q

Describe the formation of cerebellar plates. When does this happen, and what happens subsequently?

A

Cerebellar plates are formed when rhombic lips are compressed together. In month 2, plates meet and form primordium that covers the fourth ventricle.

36
Q

The basal plates within the mesencephalon will form what two columns? What are the functions of these columns?

A

1) Somatic efferent (motor output to extraocular muscles, CN III and IV)
2) General visceral efferent (motor output to ciliary ganglion of eye, CN III)

37
Q

From what does the crus cerebri form? What is its function?

A

Forms from the marginal layer around the basal plates of the mesencephalon. Acts as a pathway for fibers between the cerebral cortex, pons, and spinal cord.

38
Q

The basal plates of the mesencephalon organize themselves to form what two structures?

A

Red nucleus and substantia nigra

39
Q

The alar plates of the mesencephalon form what two structures? What are their functions?

A

(1) Superior (anterior) colliculus – visual relay.

(2) Inferior (posterior) colliculus – auditory relay

40
Q

What plates are contained within the diencephalon?

A

Alar plates and a roof plate

41
Q

The roof plate of the diencephalon gives rise to what?

A

Choroid plexus of the 3rd ventricle and pineal body (epiphysis)

Anatomy (11 decks)

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