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Anatomy > Intro to Neuro - Gross Brain > Flashcards

Intro to Neuro - Gross Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three subdivisions of the brain?

A

Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Brainstem

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2
Q

What separates the cerebral hemispheres?

A

Longitudinal fissure

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3
Q

________ changes axis of cord/ brainstem relative to cerebrum

A

Cephalic flexure

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4
Q

The meaning of dorsal changes 80 degrees at what brain junction?

A

Midbrain-diencephalon junction

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5
Q

Three axons in the CNS

A

tract
peduncle
lemniscus

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6
Q

Axons in the PNS are known as:

A

nerves

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7
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Same side

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8
Q

Contralateral

A

opposite side

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9
Q

Define and give a gross brain example of decussation

A

Decussation refers to a crossed tract of nerve fibers passing between centers on opposite sides of the nervous system. e.g. pyramidal decussation

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10
Q

Define and give a gross brain example of commisure

A

A band of nerve tissue connecting hemispheres of the brain. e.g. corpus collosum

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11
Q

Three small molecule neurotransmitters. Which is excitatory? Which is inhibitory?

A

GABA (inhibitory)
Glutamate (excitatory)
Acetylcholine

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12
Q

What are the three monoamine neurotransmitters? Are they excitatory or inhibitory?

A

Dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine. All excitatory.

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13
Q

Two neuropeptide neurotransmitters

A

ACTH

Substance P

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14
Q

Ridges in the brain are known as what? Grooves are known as what?

A

Ridges - gyri

grooves - sulci

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15
Q

Outline the borders of the frontal lobe

A

From anterior to posterior, the frontal lobe extends from the frontal pole (anterior tip) to the central sulcus, which separates the frontal and parietal lobe.

Laterally, the frontal is separated from the temporal lobe by the lateral sulcus.

The cingulate sulcus is the medial border of each hemisphere of the frontal lobe

The inferior portion of the frontal lobe is the orbital part.

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16
Q

Outline the borders of the parietal lobe

A

Frontal/parietal separated by central sulcus.
Posteriorly, parietal is separated from occipital by the parieto-occipital sulcus. Its lateral border is separated from the temporal lobe by the lateral sulcus. Medially, the parietal lobe is bounded by the calcarine sulcus and the subparietal sulcus

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17
Q

Outline the borders of the temporal lobe

A

The temporal lobe’s upper border, the lateral sulcus, separates it from the frontal and parietal. Posteriorly, the preoccipital notch is present. Medially, part of the superior border is bounded by the collateral sulcus.

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18
Q

The strip of cortex comprising the limbic lobe encircles what junction, and is located on what surface of the cerebrum?

A

The limbic lobe encircles the telencephalon-diencephalon junction. It occupies the cerebrum’s medial surface.

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19
Q

Function of the frontal lobe

A

motor, spoken language (left). Personality, executive function, organization.

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20
Q

Function of the parietal lobe

A

Sensory, language comprehension (on left), spatial reasoning

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21
Q

Function of temporal lobe

A

learning, memory, auditory cortex, language comprehension (on left)

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22
Q

Function of occipital lobe

A

vision

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23
Q

The limbic lobe mostly consists of what two structures

A

cingulate and parahippocampal gyri

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24
Q

Function of limbic system

A

emotional responses, drive-related behavior, and memory.

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25
Q

What structure forms the superior border of the corpus collosum? As this structure continues posteriorly and around the posterior end to the inferior end, what structure does it become?

A

Cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus

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26
Q

Name for the medial protrusion of the anterior aspect of the parahippocampal gyrus? What is deep to this structure?

A

Uncus. Amygdala is deep to the uncus.

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27
Q

Four divisions of the diencephalon:

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus

28
Q

Where is the pineal gland housed?

A

Epithalamus

29
Q

Name for interthalamic adhesion on medial surface of thalamus

A

Massa intermedia

30
Q

Which type of sensory info is the only type to reach the cerbral cortex without relay through the thalamus?

A

Olfaction

31
Q

The hypothalamus is separated from the thalamus by _____________ in wall of ________

A

Hypothalamic sulcus, third ventricle

32
Q

What structure connects the hypothalamus and pituitary?

A

Infundibular stalk

33
Q

Three major components of the basal ganglia

A

Caudate (C)
Putamen (P)
Globus pallidus (GP)

34
Q

Function of basal ganglia

A

movement control

35
Q

The basal ganglia is separated from the thalamus by what structure? What is the function of this structure?

A

Separated by Internal capsule (IC). IC is a fiber bundle interconnecting cortex and deep structures.

36
Q

Function of brainstem

A

convey info to and from cerebrum

37
Q

Three subdivisions of brainstem

A

pons
medulla oblongata
midbrain

38
Q

The olfactory tract ends at what structure?

A

Olfactory bulb

39
Q

The optic tract ends at what structure?

A

Thalamus

40
Q

What is the name for the most medial aspect of the cerebellum?

A

Vermis

41
Q

The flocculonodular lobe is associated with what brain structure? What’s its function?

A

Associated with the cerebellum. Mediates eye movement.

42
Q

What makes CSF housed in the ventricles?

A

Choroid plexus

43
Q

Trace the path of CSF circulation

A

Starts in the lateral and 3rd ventricles, travels through the midbrain to the 4th ventricle via the cerebral aqueduct. Exits through median and lateral apertures before circulating either down the brainstem and spinal cord or around the brain surface to the arachnoid granulations and into the superior sagittal sinus.

44
Q

What structure reabsorbs CSF?

A

Arachnoid villi

45
Q

What allows the brain to turn with the head?

A

meninges

46
Q

What meningeal layers are referred to as leptomeninges?

A

Arachnoid and pia

47
Q

What portion of the meninges contains CSF?

A

Subarachnoid space

48
Q

What structure is housed in the supratentorial space?

A

cerebrum

49
Q

What structures are housed in the infratentorial space?

A

Brainstem

Cerebellum

50
Q

An intracranial pressure increase is known as what? What might this cause?

A

Subdural hematoma. Herniation

51
Q

What tissue lines the channel between dural reflections?

A

Endothelium

52
Q

Into what do superficial venous systems empty?

A

Superior sagittal sinus

53
Q

Into what do deep venous systems empty?

A

Straight sinus

54
Q

paired structures located at the line of attachment of the tentorium to the dura covering the brain surface.

A

Transverse sinus

55
Q

This structure is located at the site where the falx cerebri attaches to the dura overlying the cerebral convexities. Blood flows posteriorly to the confluence.

A

Superior sagittal sinus

56
Q

a small structure that partially separates the two cerebellar hemispheres.

A

Falx cerebelli

57
Q

Trace arterial blood supply from its arrival to the head to its point of anastomosis with the vertebral arteries.

A

Internal carotid (ICA) bifurcates into middle and anterior cerebral arteries (MCA, ACA). ICA also gives rise to posterior communicating arteries (Pcom) which join with the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) - part of the vertebral system.

58
Q

Regarding the Circle of Willis, if a major vessel is occluded, what vessels will allow anastomatic flow?

A

Acom, Pcom

59
Q

What structures does ACA supply?

A

medial parts of frontal and parietal lobes

60
Q

What structures does MCA supply?

A

Most of lateral cerebral hemispheres

61
Q

In what regions are perforating arteries numerous?

A

Around optic chiasm.

Between cerebral peduncles.

62
Q

Perforating arteries supply what regions of the brain?

A

Basal ganglia, IC, thalamus

63
Q

Prior to bifurcation, what arteries does the basilar a. give rise to?

A

AICA and SCA

64
Q

What structures are supplied by AICA?

A

anterior/inferior cerebellum. Caudal pons

65
Q

What structures are supplied by SCA?

A

Superior cerebellum, caudal midbrain, rostral pons

66
Q

What structures are supplied by PCA?

A

medial/inferior surfaces of temporal and occipital lobes.

Anatomy (11 decks)

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