Intro to Neuro - Gross Brain

Question 1

What are the three subdivisions of the brain?

Answer 1

Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Brainstem

Question 2

What separates the cerebral hemispheres?

Answer 2

Longitudinal fissure

Question 3

________ changes axis of cord/ brainstem relative to cerebrum

Answer 3

Cephalic flexure

Question 4

The meaning of dorsal changes 80 degrees at what brain junction?

Answer 4

Midbrain-diencephalon junction

Question 5

Three axons in the CNS

Answer 5

tract
peduncle
lemniscus

Question 6

Axons in the PNS are known as:

Answer 6

nerves

Question 7

Ipsilateral

Answer 7

Same side

Question 8

Contralateral

Answer 8

opposite side

Question 9

Define and give a gross brain example of decussation

Answer 9

Decussation refers to a crossed tract of nerve fibers passing between centers on opposite sides of the nervous system. e.g. pyramidal decussation

Question 10

Define and give a gross brain example of commisure

Answer 10

A band of nerve tissue connecting hemispheres of the brain. e.g. corpus collosum

Question 11

Three small molecule neurotransmitters. Which is excitatory? Which is inhibitory?

Answer 11

GABA (inhibitory)
Glutamate (excitatory)
Acetylcholine

Question 12

What are the three monoamine neurotransmitters? Are they excitatory or inhibitory?

Answer 12

Dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine. All excitatory.

Question 13

Two neuropeptide neurotransmitters

Answer 13

ACTH

Substance P

Question 14

Ridges in the brain are known as what? Grooves are known as what?

Answer 14

Ridges - gyri

grooves - sulci

Question 15

Outline the borders of the frontal lobe

Answer 15

From anterior to posterior, the frontal lobe extends from the frontal pole (anterior tip) to the central sulcus, which separates the frontal and parietal lobe.

Laterally, the frontal is separated from the temporal lobe by the lateral sulcus.

The cingulate sulcus is the medial border of each hemisphere of the frontal lobe

The inferior portion of the frontal lobe is the orbital part.

Question 16

Outline the borders of the parietal lobe

Answer 16

Frontal/parietal separated by central sulcus.
Posteriorly, parietal is separated from occipital by the parieto-occipital sulcus. Its lateral border is separated from the temporal lobe by the lateral sulcus. Medially, the parietal lobe is bounded by the calcarine sulcus and the subparietal sulcus

Question 17

Outline the borders of the temporal lobe

Answer 17

The temporal lobe’s upper border, the lateral sulcus, separates it from the frontal and parietal. Posteriorly, the preoccipital notch is present. Medially, part of the superior border is bounded by the collateral sulcus.

Question 18

The strip of cortex comprising the limbic lobe encircles what junction, and is located on what surface of the cerebrum?

Answer 18

The limbic lobe encircles the telencephalon-diencephalon junction. It occupies the cerebrum’s medial surface.

Question 19

Function of the frontal lobe

Answer 19

motor, spoken language (left). Personality, executive function, organization.

Question 20

Function of the parietal lobe

Answer 20

Sensory, language comprehension (on left), spatial reasoning

Question 21

Function of temporal lobe

Answer 21

learning, memory, auditory cortex, language comprehension (on left)

Question 22

Function of occipital lobe

Answer 22

vision

Question 23

The limbic lobe mostly consists of what two structures

Answer 23

cingulate and parahippocampal gyri

Question 24

Function of limbic system

Answer 24

emotional responses, drive-related behavior, and memory.

Question 25

What structure forms the superior border of the corpus collosum? As this structure continues posteriorly and around the posterior end to the inferior end, what structure does it become?

Answer 25

Cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus

Question 26

Name for the medial protrusion of the anterior aspect of the parahippocampal gyrus? What is deep to this structure?

Answer 26

Uncus. Amygdala is deep to the uncus.

Question 27

Four divisions of the diencephalon:

Answer 27

Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus

Question 28

Where is the pineal gland housed?

Answer 28

Epithalamus

Question 29

Name for interthalamic adhesion on medial surface of thalamus

Answer 29

Massa intermedia

Question 30

Which type of sensory info is the only type to reach the cerbral cortex without relay through the thalamus?

Answer 30

Olfaction

Question 31

The hypothalamus is separated from the thalamus by _____________ in wall of ________

Answer 31

Hypothalamic sulcus, third ventricle

Question 32

What structure connects the hypothalamus and pituitary?

Answer 32

Infundibular stalk

Question 33

Three major components of the basal ganglia

Answer 33

Caudate (C) Putamen (P) Globus pallidus (GP)

Question 34

Function of basal ganglia

Answer 34

movement control

Question 35

The basal ganglia is separated from the thalamus by what structure? What is the function of this structure?

Answer 35

Separated by Internal capsule (IC). IC is a fiber bundle interconnecting cortex and deep structures.

Question 36

Function of brainstem

Answer 36

convey info to and from cerebrum

Question 37

Three subdivisions of brainstem

Answer 37

pons medulla oblongata midbrain

Question 38

The olfactory tract ends at what structure?

Answer 38

Olfactory bulb

Question 39

The optic tract ends at what structure?

Answer 39

Thalamus

Question 40

What is the name for the most medial aspect of the cerebellum?

Answer 40

Vermis

Question 41

The flocculonodular lobe is associated with what brain structure? What's its function?

Answer 41

Associated with the cerebellum. Mediates eye movement.

Question 42

What makes CSF housed in the ventricles?

Answer 42

Choroid plexus

Question 43

Trace the path of CSF circulation

Answer 43

Starts in the lateral and 3rd ventricles, travels through the midbrain to the 4th ventricle via the cerebral aqueduct. Exits through median and lateral apertures before circulating either down the brainstem and spinal cord or around the brain surface to the arachnoid granulations and into the superior sagittal sinus.

Question 44

What structure reabsorbs CSF?

Answer 44

Arachnoid villi

Question 45

What allows the brain to turn with the head?

Answer 45

meninges

Question 46

What meningeal layers are referred to as leptomeninges?

Answer 46

Arachnoid and pia

Question 47

What portion of the meninges contains CSF?

Answer 47

Subarachnoid space

Question 48

What structure is housed in the supratentorial space?

Answer 48

cerebrum

Question 49

What structures are housed in the infratentorial space?

Answer 49

Brainstem | Cerebellum

Question 50

An intracranial pressure increase is known as what? What might this cause?

Answer 50

Subdural hematoma. Herniation

Question 51

What tissue lines the channel between dural reflections?

Answer 51

Endothelium

Question 52

Into what do superficial venous systems empty?

Answer 52

Superior sagittal sinus

Question 53

Into what do deep venous systems empty?

Answer 53

Straight sinus

Question 54

paired structures located at the line of attachment of the tentorium to the dura covering the brain surface.

Answer 54

Transverse sinus

Question 55

This structure is located at the site where the falx cerebri attaches to the dura overlying the cerebral convexities. Blood flows posteriorly to the confluence.

Answer 55

Superior sagittal sinus

Question 56

a small structure that partially separates the two cerebellar hemispheres.

Answer 56

Falx cerebelli

Question 57

Trace arterial blood supply from its arrival to the head to its point of anastomosis with the vertebral arteries.

Answer 57

Internal carotid (ICA) bifurcates into middle and anterior cerebral arteries (MCA, ACA). ICA also gives rise to posterior communicating arteries (Pcom) which join with the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) - part of the vertebral system.

Question 58

Regarding the Circle of Willis, if a major vessel is occluded, what vessels will allow anastomatic flow?

Answer 58

Acom, Pcom

Question 59

What structures does ACA supply?

Answer 59

medial parts of frontal and parietal lobes

Question 60

What structures does MCA supply?

Answer 60

Most of lateral cerebral hemispheres

Question 61

In what regions are perforating arteries numerous?

Answer 61

Around optic chiasm. | Between cerebral peduncles.

Question 62

Perforating arteries supply what regions of the brain?

Answer 62

Basal ganglia, IC, thalamus

Question 63

Prior to bifurcation, what arteries does the basilar a. give rise to?

Answer 63

AICA and SCA

Question 64

What structures are supplied by AICA?

Answer 64

anterior/inferior cerebellum. Caudal pons

Question 65

What structures are supplied by SCA?

Answer 65

Superior cerebellum, caudal midbrain, rostral pons

Question 66

What structures are supplied by PCA?

Answer 66

medial/inferior surfaces of temporal and occipital lobes.